1 the auto-id center sanjay sarma, research director

2 outline RFID Systems Low Cost RFID Software Applications Field Trial Research opportunities Conclusions

3 What’s wrong with bar-codes? Line-of-sight One-at-a-time Manual handling Limited range Limited data Non-line-of-sight 100(s) at a time Automatic handling ~1 meter 50 bits -Kbits

4 Radio frequency identification systems (RFID)

5 network with rf tags? yes.

6 RFID Example RFID-Handbook "Radio-Frequency Identification: Fundamentals and Applications " 1st edition, Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN )

7 example rfid applications Supply chain – Asset tracking, reduce out of stocks, reduce inventory, reduce bull-whip effect, speed up delivery, check freshness, track and trace, produce to demand, identify sources of diversion, identify counterfeiting, theft prediction, faster recalls Consumer applications – Direct order from home, smart appliances, (e.g. microwave, washing machine, refrigerator), smart healthcare, assisted living New and less expected applications – Customized products, smart recycling, checkout-less stores

8 why low cost? 4

9 outline RFID Systems Low Cost RFID Software Applications Field Trial Research opportunities Conclusions

10 low cost rfid time die size/cost, cents handling cost Silicon: 4c/mm 2

11 why is rfid expensive today? increased chip sizegreater functionality reduce functionality (Networking & software) reduce chip size (handle small chips)

12 Cheap protocol

13 context-aware router sensor context-aware router sensor D2A. 916E8B. 8719BAE03C Manufacturer 24 bits Product 24 bits Serial Number 40 bitsHeader 8 bits the hypothesis or bet Place unique number on tag Electronic Product Code, EPC 64 bit, 96 bit, and upwards Develop manufacturing technology for small chips and tags Move data on the network Network service for resolving EPC Network architecture for gathering and routing data

14 Low cost RFID Antenna Manufacture Antenna/IC Assembly Conversion to Package End users IC Manufacture 20 ¢ 5¢5¢ 5¢5¢ IC Design $X Million Number of tags 1-2 ¢ 1¢1¢ 1¢1¢ 1¢1¢ IC Design $X Million Billions

15 Slicing and Dicing Standard saw-dicing wasteful Instead, use separation by thinning C. Landesberger, S. Scherbaum, G. Schwinn, H. Spöhrle: “New Process Scheme for Wafer Thinning and Stress-free Separation of Ultra Thin IC’s,” Proceedings of Microsystems Technologies 2001, Mesago, Stuttgart, pp , 2001.

16 low cost rf tags 100  m

17 Fluidic Self Assembly Courtesy Alien Technology

18 vibratory assembly Chip Assembly Chip Design Label Converting Inlet Assembly Silicon Manufacturing Antenna Manufacturing End UserLabel / Tag Manufacturing Wafer Treatment Vacuum cylinder Courtesy Philips

19 vibratory Assembly Chip Assembly Chip Design Label Converting Inlet Assembly Silicon Manufacturing Antenna Manufacturing End UserLabel / Tag Manufacturing Wafer Treatment Orientation Check Courtesy Philips

20 Antenna Screen printing Etching Forming M. Feil, C. Adler, G. Klink & M. König: “ Interconnection Techniques for Ultra Thin ICs and MEMS Elements”, Proceedings of Microsystems Technologies 2001, Mesago, Stuttgart, pp , 2001.

21 conversion Paper/package/label industry expertise Scales well with mass production Capital equipment expenditure software paperhardware

22 outline RFID Systems Low Cost RFID Software Applications Field Trial Research opportunities Conclusions

23 how do we obtain the information? Connect Physical Objects to the Internet Automatic Seamless Low cost Ubiquitous Standard

24 networking the physical world RF Tag Networked Tag Readers Savant Control System

25 Architecture: Local Reader D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C Tag Local database Reader Local network Data Processing

26 Architecture: Global D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C Reader Local database Reader Local network Local system ONS Internet D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C ???? Quality control specialist XQL PML Server PML … … DEG C 5 DEG C Data Processing

27 23AB.36C2.AB Tag Reader Local database Reader Local network Local system ONS Internet D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C ???? Quality control specialist XQL PML Server PML … … DEG C 5 DEG C Data Processing D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C Inference Temperature OK

28 outline RFID Systems Low Cost RFID Software Applications Field Trial Research opportunities Conclusions

29 bull-whip today RETAILER Week Orders WHOLESALER DISTRIBUTOR FACTORY Sterman’s control policy

30 bull-whip with auto-id technology RETAILER Week Orders WHOLESALER DISTRIBUTOR FACTORY Joshi 2000

31 Areas of Supply Chain Research Strategic Tactical Operational Excellence

32 Strategic applications Evolutionary Transportation Synchronization Inventory Management Algorithms Agile and Lean Supply Chains Make-To-Stock, Make-To-Order Engineer-To-Order Environments Revolutionary Distributed Intelligent Products Distributed Business Processes

33 application: supply chain management Global Supply Chain

34 Retail applications Shrinkage On-shelf stockout Customer service Product recall Regulatory

35 outline RFID Systems Low Cost RFID Software Applications Field Trial Research opportunities Conclusions

36 field trial

37 field trial began 1 oct 2001, 9:41am edt

38 Field Test Plan Phase I, software test: Sep 01 – Feb 02  Successful Phase II, open reader test:  Ongoing Phase III, Cheap tags test Phase IV, Japan, Europe

39 outline RFID Systems Low Cost RFID Software Applications Field Trial Research opportunities Conclusions

40 Research Issues Tag anti-collision Reader anti-collision Security and privacy Advanced sensor networks Data routing and handling IC Design IC manufacturing Silicon processing Chip assembly Polymers Controls/automation Manufacturing systems System Synthesis Supply chain issues

41 Sensors Open tag Agile readerSavant Interoperability internet class ii tags

42 conclusions RFID will happen Supply chain the first application Costs designed for retail Automotive applications clear Caveat: metal content creates new challenges