-Chief Justice Earl Warren in the Brown v. Board decision Taking on Segregation “…in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” -Chief Justice Earl Warren in the Brown v. Board decision Section 29-1 pp. 906-915

The Segregation System Jim Crow laws kept African Americans living as second class citizens WWII and Civil Rights New jobs Served in military FDR outlawed discrimination WWII created a shortage of white, male workers and thus created more jobs for African-Americans Many African Americans returned from WWII ready to fight for their own freedom at home Franklin Roosevelt outlawed discrimination in war related industries and in federal agencies

Challenging Segregation in Court NAACP Legal team headed by Thurgood Marshall Challenged segregation through court cases

Challenging Segregation in Court Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Outlawed segregation in public schools Brown II (1955) Ordered integration to happen more quickly

Reaction to Brown Little Rock Nine (1957) AR Gov. refused to integrate schools Eisenhower sends National Guard to escort students to school

The Montgomery Bus Boycott First organized movement to fight segregation Led by Dr. M.L. King In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated buses illegal Rosa Parks Interviewed Rosa Parks challenged discrimination on city buses

Martin Luther King and the SCLC Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Promoted Nonviolence Civil disobedience Methods Huge demonstrations Boycotts 1957: Formed SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Dr. King riding an integrated bus in Montgomery in 1956.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCC Formed to involve college students in the civil rights movement Chairman John Lewis Sit-Ins Often provoked angry whites Won sympathy for protestors

The Triumphs of a Crusade Section 29-2 pp. 916-922

Riding for Freedom Freedom Riders (1961) Rode buses to protest segregation RFK and JFK sent 400 US marshals to protect riders Segregation banned in travel facilities Organized by CORE Hoped publicity and arrests would force the president to intervene Faced only mild opposition until Alabama, where a mob torched the bus and assaulted the riders, nearly killing 2 of them SNCC riders took over and faced major opposition in Birmingham and Montgomery

Standing Firm James Meredith Gov. refused to let him enter Univ. of Miss. JFK sent US marshals to let him in -A federal court ordered the university to admit Meredith as a transfer student Mississippi Gov. Ross Barnett and state officials refused to let Meredith enter Barnett organized a mob of whites to attack the federal marshals- 2 died, hundreds wounded 5,000 army soldiers sent in to escort Meredith Also used soldiers in the University of Alabama

Standing Firm The Birmingham Campaign Protestors viciously attacked by police Milestones Poor blacks join demand for equality Moderate whites in north and south begin supporting desegregation King organized a “children’s crusade”, hoping that the image of children being persecuted would gain support for his cause King was arrested and wrote “Letter from Birmingham Jail” while incarcerated In this event, blacks fought back, after being attacked by police

Marching to Washington March in D.C. (1963) 250,000 demand immediate passage of civil rights bill “I Have a Dream” Speech Civil Rights Act passed in 1964 Largest political rally in American history Speech outlined the visions of the civil rights movement and called for racial equality

Fighting for Voting Rights Freedom Summer Student volunteers register voters Mississippi Led to violence and murder 24th Amendment: Banned poll tax CORE and SNCC were hoping to provoke white extremists in Mississippi In Mississippi, less than 10% of African Americans were registered to vote In many areas, blacks outnumbered whites FBI agents uncovered three volunteers who had been killed by the KKK in Meridian, Mississippi Freedom summer was considered successful -24th Amendment was designed to help poor whites and blacks

Fighting for Voting Rights Voting Rights Act of 1965 Eliminated literacy tests Allowed federal examiners to register voters President Johnson and Congress were spurred by their anger over events in Selma, AL to pass the Voting Rights Act In some areas, black voter registration increased by 40% Continued the goal of the 15th Amendment

What moment of the Civil rights movement was most influential? What do you think? What moment of the Civil rights movement was most influential?