 A topographic map is a special type of map that shows the “contour” of the land. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as a “contour map”.

 Elevations are typically referenced to sea level.  A contour line connects points of the same elevation. A type of isoline.  A contour interval is the difference in elevation between two contour lines next to one another.  A hachure is a special type of contour line that shows a depression.

Contour Line Contour Interval equals 20 feet.

 North is usually “up” on the map, but not always. You have to check the “compass arrow”  True North is the direction, that if you travelled, you would eventually arrive at the north pole.  Magnetic North is the direction, that if you travelled, you would arrive at the magnetic north pole. (They’re not in the same place!)

 Magnetic declination is the difference in angle between true north and magnetic north  Contour maps have a legend, which explains the symbols on the map.  Contour maps typically have a bar scale, that shows horizontal distance on the map

 Slope, which is a type of gradient, shows the “steepness” of an area. The closer the contour lines the steeper the slope!  Streams flow down gradient, from higher to lower elevation. Contour lines make a V or U, the closed end of which, points upstream.