Local Grammar and Register Variation Monika Bednarek Department of English Linguistics, Augsburg Sydney Research Seminar, 26 May 2006

2 There’s something chilling about the inevitability of “collateral damage”, which happens in every war, just or otherwise. (Good Weekend, Sydney Morning Herald Magazine, April 29, 2006)

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4 Outline 1.An introduction to evaluation 2.Local grammar 3.A local grammar of evaluation 4.Local grammar and register variation 5.Conclusions

5 1. An Introduction to Evaluation “the broad cover term for the expression of the speaker’s or writer’s attitude or stance towards, view­point on, or feelings about the entities or propositions that he or she is talking about. That attitude may relate to certainty or obligation or desirability or any of a number of other sets of values.” (Thompson & Hunston 2000: 5)

6 Approaches to Evaluation EAP SFL: Appraisal Stance analyses

7 2. Local Grammar Deals with ‘leftovers’ Sub-language descriptions “the items described by local grammars [are] small (but not insignificant) sub- languages, and sub-language descriptions [are] extended local grammars” (Hunston & Sinclair 2000: 77)

8 Transparent category labels Application in automated parsers Cobuild dictionary definitions, newspaper headlines, the language of evaluation

9 A local grammar of evaluation Evaluative patterns with adjectives

10 Patterns: local grammar of evaluation Either exclusively or usually with evaluative or subjective adjectives Automated parsing more or less successful Applied mainly in EAP

11 3. Local Grammar and Register Variation The corpus (Handout) 10 newspapers, 10 topics The software (Scott’s Wordsmith)

12 Link verbs analysed: be, look, appear, seem, remain, leave General nouns analysed: thing, point, kind, sort Patterns not analysed: pseudo-clefts, attributive adjectives 8 Patterns analysed (Handout)

13 Doing the decent thing If you meet people from other countries, they understand what you mean if you say to do the legal thing, or the just thing, or the right thing, in certain ways, but it seems to me to be a slightly soggy, but nevertheless very important, British concept of doing the decent thing, which may be just, may be legal, may not be either of those two, but the British man has a very clear sense of what it entails.

14 Doing the decent thing Google Australia: “Do the decent thing”: 619 (UK: 32,300) “Doing the decent thing”: 106 (UK: 503) “Does the decent thing”: 76 (UK: 385) “Did the decent thing”: 139 (UK: 661) “Done the decent thing”: 317 (UK: 539)

15 5. Conclusions Local grammar and variation? ‘Recycled’ talk Evaluative categories and evaluating responses Lexis?

16 Lexis: Broadsheets 62 ‘evaluative’ adjectives 14 emotional/mental adjectives 2 evaluative/emotional

17 Lexis: Tabloids 32 ‘evaluative’ adjectives 31 emotional/mental 1 evaluative/emotional

18 Lexis: Comparison BroadsheetsTabloids ‘intense’anxious, jubilant, baffled delighted, distraught, euphoric, incandescent, incensed, livid, puzzled metaphorical (+ intense) --dead inside, destroyed, shattered informalfed-up with, stressed cool with formal--incandescent, saddened

19 Thank you