Lessons Learned and Challenges for the Future James Mackie – Senior Advisor EU External Action Programme 12 June 2014 The European Experience on PCD

I. We have come a long way since Maastricht ECDPMPage 2

Legal status: Treaty of Maastricht (1992), Art. 130v. ‘The 3 Cs’ Lisbon Treaty (2009), Art Cotonou Agreement (2000), Art. 12 Political commitment: European Consensus on Development (2005) - 12 priority areas. FA Council (2009): “a more focused, operational and result-oriented approach to PCD” FA Council (May 2012): “PCD is essential for the credibility of the EU as a global actor” FA Council (Dec 2013) “need for regular political PCD discussions” Policy: Agenda for Change (2011): security and migration + “future MFF should reinforce PCD” COM (2009) … : 12 > 5 priority areas (T&F, CC, FS, MG, SEC.) PCD Work Program ( ) Post-2015: “A decent life for All” + Council Conclusions Overview –22 years of PCD in the EU ECDPMPage 3

1990s – slow on the uptake Little discussion – MS reluctance to move on 3Cs Definitional issues – what do we mean by coherence? NGO lobbying on coherence – kept up pressure 2000s – picked up steam European Consensus on Development Member States efforts made 3Cs Evaluations – mechanisms being put in place Biennial EU PCD reports – monitoring 2010s – consolidation and now some soul searching Repeated declarations and monitoring, but … How to sustain the effort … and now … where next? Three periods ECDPMPage 4

In the EU Treaty: Treaty of Maastricht 1992: “The Community shall take account of the objectives [of development cooperation] in the policies that it implements which are likely to affect developing countries” (Art. 130v). Treaty of Lisbon 2009 extends this to the whole Union: “The Union shall take account of the objectives of development cooperation in the policies that it implements which are likely to affect developing countries” (Art. 188D). And externally a commitment to development partners: Cotonou Agreement 2000: “…where the Community intends, …, to take a measure which might affect the interests of the ACP States, as far as this Agreement’s objectives are concerned, it shall inform … the said States of its intentions”. (Art 12) Legal basis Page 5ECDPM

2005 EU Consensus on Development Introduced name “Policy Coherence for Development” (PCD) Monitor progress in 12 policy areas through biennial reporting Review of PCD approach Agreement to engage proactively in 5 areas instead of 12 priorities Council Conclusions acknowledge progress on PCD in EU MS (official commitments/ institutional capacity); yet call for “a more focused, operational and result-oriented approach” Agreement to develop PCD Work Programme 2010 First Report on PCD by EU Parliament 2011 Agenda for Change – reconfirms EU action to improve PCD Most recent: PCD as part of the post-2015 agenda A Decent Life for All, COM(2013)92 Council Conclusions (June 2013) on post-2015 position & PCD report EU PCD Report 2013 A Decent Life for All: from vision to action COM(2014)335 Political Commitments ECDPMPage 6

Progress on PCD mechanisms ECDPMPage 7 # EU MSs and institutions which made PCD policy statements # EU MSs and institutions who put in place PCD mechanisms Source: Mackie et al., 2007, 3Cs Study No.7, Aksant, p.49,

Mechanisms to promote PCD – 3Cs Evaluations Different types: i.Policy statements ii.Institutional & administrative mechanisms iii.Knowledge & assessment capacity Really need all three Each serves a purpose → a PCD System ECDPM Page 8 Political NSA Context Pressures Approach to Knowledge governance communities ii. Institutional & administrative mechanisms to: ii. Institutional & administrative mechanisms to: a. Strengthen coherence b. Resolve incoherencies i. Policy statements of intent iii. Knowledge inputs & assessment capacity

PCD mechanisms – case studies Common approaches: France – Inter-ministerial committee Netherlands – PCD Unit in MFA Finland – Development policy committee EC – Inter-service consultation system EP – role of Development Committee Council – working groups Most sophisticated approach: Sweden – Global development policy Lessons with hindsight Raising awareness – recognising ‘PCD mechanisms’ Same types of mechanisms are still in use 10 years later ECDPM Page 9

Institutional DEVCO A1 – PCD Unit Inter-service consultations PCD Inter-service group PCD Network Council: CODEV, COREPER presidencies EU Parliament: Standing Rapporteur for PCD PCD mechanisms at the EU level ECDPMPage 10 Knowledge & Assessment Stakeholder consultations Impact Assessment process Dialogue processes (eg. Cotonou Agreement / Delegations) Bi-annual report on PCD at EU and MS + Commission PCD … 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 Piloting Impact Assessments at country level (Food Security) DAC Peer Review 2012: “While appropriate institutional mechanisms (…) have been developed, these instruments are not yet used to their full potential”

Pilot Methodology for country-level impact assessments of PCD on food security Identifies and Assesses the impacts of OECD policies on food security in individual developing countries. Flexible tool including a)Framework for analyzing international policy linkages and domestic policy context b)Sequence of research modules tailored to objectives and capacity in developing countries c)Integration of local consultation processes and stakeholder views – a tool to enhance dialogue Currently tested in first pilot Countries (e.g. Tanzania) Supported by Finland and Switzerland Strengthening the evidence base of PCD for OECD Members ECDPMPage 11

European Report on Development (2013): “The EU has made more efforts on PCD than most, but the impact of these efforts remains limited” Good progress on mechanisms - yet how much has really changed? ECDPMPage 12 Operational PCD-commitments are made only by DEVCO, while other DGs, European Council and European Parliament are only bound by broad treaty obligations; Inadequate resources do not match policy statements; Alignment with PCD Work Program remains voluntary and depends on political priorities of the MS; Development is never first priority when it comes to trade-offs > Decreasing ODA figures

CAP: Commission, European Parliament and Council refuse to monitor external impact while maintaining export subsidies. Illicit Financial Flows: tax loopholes remain and money laundering still to be criminalised despite commitments. Trade (Economic Partnership Agreements with developing countries): the elephant in the room – good for development or not? Walking the talk: policy vs. practice ECDPMPage 13 “It’s the politics and competing interests, stupid!”

II. Lessons learned? Opportunities and Challenges for PCD in post-2015 ECDPMPage 14

Post-2015 debate can bring renewed impetus and opportunities for PCD PCD required to achieve ambitious post-2015 goals (ERD 2013: ‘Beyond Aid’ – PCD vital tool). Financing & Other Means of Implementation debate PCD helps creating conducive environments for post financing to be more effective (ERD 2014) Sustainable development agenda needs more cross- cutting integrated approaches (e.g. various DGs/ministries working together) 1. Opportunities for PCD Post-2015 ECDPMPage 15

ECDPMPage 16 Setting and prioritising objectives Coordinating policy and its implementation Monitoring, analysis and reporting 2. Bottlenecks for PCD in the EU & even more so at global level for post-2015 Underdeveloped structures for knowledge-input Lack of research on impact of (in)coherencies Lack of political pressure Little public attention Diverging interests Knowledge gaps Differing levels of awareness Difficult conversations between generalists vs. specialists Few resources allocated Many policies … Higher risk of incoherent policies

PCD is a long-term issue and requires clear political leadership: How does one sustain political support for PCD over lives of successive governments? How do you create the incentives to push for PCD? At global level MDG 8 alone was not sufficient to sustain long-term commitment Dilemma of balancing values and interests Principle of smart sovereignty What PCD promotion strategy can we find at the global level for the post-2015, that Evolves over time? Promotes political commitment? 3. How to sustain leadership? ECDPMPage 17

How to overcome the donor-recipient paradigm inherent in the current PCD? Policy Coherence is a problem of all government ‘Joined-up government’ is a challenge everyone faces Yet so far posed as a challenge for donor governments PCD so far had clear beneficiaries Can we find a universal PCD agenda in the post-2015 framework without loosing the clarity of the concept? Need to assign clear responsibilities for PCD and ‘beyond aid’ in MoI and goals discussions Yet, inherent tension between overcoming old paradigms and assigning responsibilities for PCD 4. A Universal PCD agenda? ECDPMPage 18

There is no one-size fits all approach PCD systems and how they manifest themselves operationally varies widely, dependent on Political culture Nature of administration systems How can PCD tools best be Promoted in the post-2015 context? Adapted to different circumstances so they are relevant to varying contexts? 5. PCD as global policy tool? ECDPMPage 19

Monitoring – essential for pushing political awareness PCD Reports - are a vital tool though seem bland Document step by step progress throughout EU Focus largely on success stories / good practice Much harder to document difficulties Provoke debate – probably their most important role Measuring impact of PCD Problem of attribution Evidence of incoherence much clearer than for coherence But trying to make progress on this front To support PCD in the universal post-2015 context Data and knowledge challenges huge 6. Knowledge Inputs ECDPMPage 20

In EU so far only few examples of clear mechanisms to exchange knowledge on PCD between countries? Multilateral platforms, such as Cotonou Partnership Agreement Art.12, rarely used ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly could be a tool Impact assessments and PCD knowledge-based policy- making remains weak Knowledge inputs rarely shared between governments How to foster more Dialogue on policies and PCD in the post-2015 context With partner countries? At the multilateral level? 6. Dialogue – PCD Accountability Gaps? ECDPMPage 21

III. Where has the road since Maastricht taken us? ECDPMPage 22

Have made real progress over 22 years May be slow, but task is also extremely difficult Awareness levels now much higher PCD is clearly on the agenda We know what mechanisms to use and how they work Consultation systems in place Have the monitoring tools Impact assessments becoming stronger Different actors in the PCD System play their roles Council, EC, EP, Member States, NGOs, researchers … Looking closer into measuring PCD Key challenges remaining Maintaining political leadership over time Converting PCD into a universal agenda at global level Improving knowledge inputs Conclusions ECDPMPage 23

Thank you James Mackie, Anna Knoll, Page 24