Climate Change, Adaptation & Sustainable Development “ Experience & Challenges” Joseph M. Konno FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

Presentation Outline CLIMAP Project Approach/Process The setting Case Studies Road Community National SDP Linkages to SD Challenges

ACKNOWLEDGMENT CLIMAP ADB IMPLEMENTATION: Asian Development Bank SOURCE OF FUNDING: Canadian Government DURATION: One Year (ends August, 2004) EXECUTION: Maunsell Ltd, in association with: International Global Change Institute (IGCI) Government of FSM Government of Cook Islands Note: Contents of this presentation may not reflect the views or polices of these institutions

Purpose of Project Demonstrating: A risk-based approach to adaptationA risk-based approach to adaptation Mainstreaming adaptation in development programsMainstreaming adaptation in development programsImplementation: Mainstreaming adaptation in ADB’s operationsMainstreaming adaptation in ADB’s operations Through case studies:Through case studies: –Cook Islands –Federated States of Micronesia

Risk-based Methodology

Appropriateness of a risk-based approach to adaptation Risk ScopingRisk CharacterizationReviewRisk Management Adaptation Vulnerability Assessment

Reflecting Climate Risks in Infrastructure Design and Local Level Decision Making Demonstrated by “Climate Proofing” the Kosrae Road Reflecting Climate Risks in Landuse Planning, Regulations and Permitting Demonstrated by “Climate Proofing” Sapwohn Village, Sokehs Reflecting Climate Risks in National Development Planning Demonstrated by “Climate Proofing” FSM’s National Strategic Development Plans Immediate, Project Level Long Term, National Level “Cimate Proofed” Development Enabling Environment The PROCESS “Climate Proofing” is shortand for reducing, to acceptable levels, the risks due to climate variability and change, including extreme events

FSM Case Studies National Strategic Development Plan

“Climate Proof” the Design of RS4

Climate Proofing RS4 Design Current design for 1 in 23 year event – 7 inches per hour (179mm per hour) By 2050 this would be a 1 in 13 year event 1 in 25 year rainfall event in 2050 is 10 inches per hour (256mm per hour) Difference is approx. 80mm per hour

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Proofing Parts of the Circumferential Road in Kosrae New Road Section (3.9 miles) Cost to Build Road Original Design $1,894,647 Climate Proofed Design $2,405,811 Adaptation Cost $ 511,164 Internal Rate of Return 11%

Accumulated Costs – RS4 (to be built) Climate Proofed Current Design

Climate Proofing Sahpwon Community (Regulations should be climate proofed to allow enforcement of polices and regulations) Climate Change Impacts & Adaptations have been incorporated in to existing EIA Regulations, Land Use Plans and Health Regulations and other permitting process State Team has been set up to undertake further risk assessments at state & community levels

Climate Proofing the Building Code & EIA Regulations Allow for surface flooding as a result of hourly rainfall intensities of at least 400 mm (such an event has a projected return period of 25 years in 2050); Allow for possibility of wind gusts exceeding 130 mph (this event has a projected return period of 25 years in 2050; current practice is to use 120 mph as the design wind speed).

FSM’s National Strategic Development Plan is Climate Proofed INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR “……… Infrastructure designed, located, built and maintained to avoid unacceptable risks to infrastructure associated with natural hazards, including weather and climate extremes, variability and change.” “……… Conduct risk assessments at state level and develop national- and state-level guidelines to ensure risks to infrastructure development projects are identified and addressed in a cost effective manner at the design stage.” National Strategic Development Plan

Environment Sector Mainstream environmental considerations, including climate change, in economic development “……. Strategies and plans that address unacceptable risks to the natural environment and built assets, including those arising from natural hazards such as weather and climate extremes, variability and change.”

Environmental Sector…….. “Develop and implement integrated environmental and resource management objectives that enhance resilience of coastal and other ecosystems to natural hazards such as those associated with extreme weather events, climate change, high tides and sea-level rise.” Determine impact of climate change on the tuna industry as a result of such effects as changed migration patterns of Pacific tuna stocks, and implement strategies to minimize impacts on this important industry.” “……. All the Federated States of Micronesia communities will develop and implement risk reduction strategies to address natural hazards such as those related to current weather and climate extremes and variability, while at the same time preparing for anticipated impacts of climate change.”

Health Sector “……. Climate variability and change, including sea-level rise, are important determinants of health and of growing concern in the Federated States of Micronesia ….” “…..Potential health impacts which have been identified include: vector-borne diseases (such as dengue fever and malaria), water-borne diseases (such as viral and bacterial diarrhoea), diseases related to toxic algae (such as ciguatera fish poisoning which is important in the Federated States of Micronesia where the protein source is predominantly fish), food-borne diseases, food security and nutrition, heat stress, air pollution, and extreme weather and climate events….”

Status of SDP Adopted during FSM 3 rd Economic Summit held March 28-April 2, 2004 Passed and signed in to law by FSM National Congress It is now the guiding document for the Country for the next 20 years.

Linkages to Sustainable Development The SDP provides an enabling environment that fosters “climate proofed” development, and the links with sustainable development, Climate proofing regulations (e.g. EIA) provide legal support for compliance to SDP, and ensure development projects are also climate proofed and supports sustainable development Climate proofing development projects minimize long term costs, improve returns on investments and sustainability of projects The risk-based approach also links to sustainable development by identifying those risks to future generations that present generations would find unacceptable.

Challenges Data (climate, health, etc): not available, scattered, fragmented, not/difficult accessible Resources to continue the process is limited Accessing funding for adaptation cost Defining acceptable risk

Lessons Learned Policy Makers have limited budget to allocate among competing needs, quantifying risks, adaptation costs and benefits improves their understanding Incorporate climate change/adaptation in to existing processes. Climate proofing at three levels (project, community, national) enhances the whole process.

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