Classes 3 and 4 From the Last Kings to the Persian Period: Prophecy and Archaeology The Foundations of Jewish Survival 5 Stages of Galut, 5 Stages of Geulah.

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Classes 3 and 4 From the Last Kings to the Persian Period: Prophecy and Archaeology The Foundations of Jewish Survival 5 Stages of Galut, 5 Stages of Geulah

שבכל דור ודור עומדים עלינו לכלותינו, והקדוש ברוך הוא מצילנו מידם. The Egyptian, the Babylonian, and the Persian rose, filled the planet with sound and splendor, then faded to dream-stuff and passed away; the Greek and the Roman followed; and made a vast noise, and they are gone; other people have sprung up and held their torch high for a time, but it burned out, and they sit in twilight now, or have vanished. The Jew saw them all, beat them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting no decadence, no infirmities of age, no weakening of his parts, no slowing of his energies, no dulling of his alert and aggressive mind. All things are mortal but the Jew; all other forces pass, but he remains. What is the secret of his immortality?” - Mark Twain “Concerning The Jews,” Harper’s Magazine, Mark Twain “Concerning The Jews,” Harper’s Magazine, 1899

Babylonian Empire

5 Stages of Galut Stage 1 – Judah becomes a vassal state ► Jehoiakim ( BCE) ► Three years is vassal to Egypt ► Changes sides in 605 and Becomes vassal to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia ► After 3 more years switches back to Egypt ► Nebuchadnezzar attacks and conquers Jerusalem in 597BCE

Babylonian Kings ► Nabopolassar (r. 626 – 605) ► Nebuchadnezzar II (r ) ► Amel-Marduk (r )  a.k.a אויל מרדך ► Nergal-sharezer (r. 560 – 556) ► Labashi-Marduk (r. 556) ► Nabonidus (r. 556 – 539)

Sources of Chronology ► Ptolemy’s Canon  Ptolemy of Alexandria (85-165)  Famous geographer and astronomer  Passed on a canon of kings covering 900 years ► Uruk King List  In Baghdad Museum (unless looted in 2003)  Lists kings and years reigned from

Cuneiform VAT 4956 An Astronomical Diary

Absolute Dating From VAT 4956: “Year 37 of Nebuchadnezar, king of Babylon. Month I (the first of which was identical with) the 30 th (of the preceding month), the moon became visible behind the Bull of heaven…Saturn was in front of the Swallow…Night of the 3 rd, the moon was two cubits if front of…” This accurately describes 568 BCE and no other year.

“Chronology Papers” by W. Dolen “But not only did these tablets report on lunar eclipses, and one planet position with specific dates (month and day), these tablets report on many planet positions. By ascertaining through retro-calculation the position of these planets on certain dates, we narrow the dates down to the exact year in the Christian Era system. “For example the BC tablet contains several positions of the planets Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, and Mars during this time period. Jupiter repeats its synodic period every 71 (70.987) or 83 solar years. Venus repeats itself every eight years. Saturn repeats itself every 59 years. And Mars repeats itself every 47 (46.979) years. These four planets will all be in the same position in relation to themselves and the stars on the same solar date approximately every 1,575,064 years.” (vol. 5 p. 112)

Summary of Methodology We find relative dates in Tanakh and Cuneiform documents We can correlate those relative dates with an absolute calendar through king lists or astronomical data.

Stage 2 – Exile of Yehoiachin ► Yehoiachin 597BCE  Reigns for three months  Captured by Nebuchandezzar in a siege  Imprisoned in Babylonia  Craftsman and elite of Judea is exiled with him  Freed in 562BCE by Amel-Marduk

Destruction Dates KingsJeremiah Exile of Yehoyachin (2 Kings 24:12) (Jer 52:28) “8th of his [Nebuchadnezzar’s] reign. “in the 7th year”

עד שיבא הכתוב השלישי ויכריע ביניהם ► The Jerusalem Chronicle (ABC 5) The Jerusalem Chronicle The Jerusalem Chronicle A.K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles 11. In the seventh year, the month of Kislîmu, the king of Akkad the month of Kislîmu, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land,12. and besieged the city of Judah and on the second day of the month of Addaru he seized the city and captured the king. 13. He appointed there a king of his own choice, received its heavy tribute and sent to Babylon. mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land,12. and besieged the city of Judah and on the second day of the month of Addaru he seized the city and captured the king. 13. He appointed there a king of his own choice, received its heavy tribute and sent to Babylon.

How to count to 7 ► Nebuchadnezzar begins reign in Elul/September 605 = year 0 ► Nissan/April 604 – Adar/March 603 = year 1 ► Nissan/April 603 – Adar/March 602 = year 2 ► Nissan/April 602 – Adar/March 601 = year 3 ► Nissan/April 601 – Adar/March 600 = year 4 ► Nissan/April 600 – Adar/March 599 = year 5 ► Nissan/April 599 – Adar/March 598 = year 6 ► Nissan/April 598 – Adar/March 597 = year 7

Theological Significance of Dating Systems מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל יתרו - מס ' דבחדש פר א ד " ה בחדש השלישי ► בחדש השלישי לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים. מגיד שמונים חדשים ליציאת מצרים, אין לי אלא חדשים, שנים מנין, ת " ל בשנה השנית לצאתם מארץ מצרים ; אין לי אלא באותו הפרק, בפרק אחר מנין, ת " ל ( במדבר לג : לח ) בשנת הארבעים לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים. כל אלו עד שלא נכנסו לארץ, משנכנסו לארץ מנין, ת " ל ( מלכים א ' ו : א ) ויהי בשמונים שנה וארבע מאות שנה לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים. כל אלו עד שלא נבנה הבית, משנבנה הבית מנין [ שמונין לבניינו,] ת " ל ( דה " ב ח : א ) ויהי מקץ עשרים שנה אשר בנה שלמה את בית ה '. ► לא רצו למנות לבנינו, ימנו לחורבנו, שנ ' ( יחזקאל מ א ) אחר אשר הוכתה העיר. לא רצו למנות לעצמם, ימנו לאחרים, שנ ' ( דניאל ב : א ) בשנת שתים למלכות נבוכד נצר חלם נבוכד נצר חלומות ; ואומר ( חגי א : טו ) בששי בשנת שתים לדריוש המלך ; ואומר ( שיר השירים א : ח ) אם לא תדעי לך היפה בנשים ; ואומר ( דברים כח : מז ) תחת אשר לא עבדת את ה ' אלהיך ועבדת את אויביך.

Stage 3 – Breach of Jerusalem Walls ► Zedekiah BCE  Placed on throne by Nebuchadnezzar  Rebelled and entered alliance with Egypt  Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem on 10 th of Tevet 589 BCE  Walls are breached in Tamuz 587 BCE  Watched children murdered before being blinded

Mishnah Ta’anit 4:6 ► חמשה דברים אירעו את אבותינו בשבעה עשר בתמוז, וחמשה בתשעה באב. בשבעה עשר בתמוז נשתברו הלוחות, ובטל התמיד, והובקעה העיר. ושרף אפוסטמוס את התורה והעמיד צלם בהיכל. ► בתשעה באב נגזר על אבותינו שלא יכנסו לארץ, וחרב הבית בראשונה ובשניה, ונלכדה ביתר, ונחרשה העיר.

17 th of Tammuz? Jer 52:6-7 (=2 Kings 25:3-4) By the ninth day of the fourth month, the famine had become acute in the city; there was no food left for the common people. Then [the wall of] the city was breached. All the soldiers fled…

The Bavli’s Answer תלמוד בבלי מסכת תענית דף כח עמוד ב הובקעה העיר בשבעה עשר הוה ? והכתיב ( ירמיהו נ " ב ) בחדש הרביעי בתשעה לחדש ויחזק הרעב בעיר, וכתיב בתריה ( ירמיהו נ " ב ) ותבקע העיר וגו '! אמר רבא : לא קשיא ; כאן בראשונה, כאן בשניה. דתניא : בראשונה הובקעה העיר בתשעה בתמוז, בשניה בשבעה עשר בו.

The Yerushalmi’s Answer ירושלמי מסכת תענית פרק ד דף סח טור ג / ה " ה כתיב בתשעה לחדש הובקעה העיר ואת אמר הכין ? אמר ר ' תנחום בר חנילאי קילקול חשבונות יש כאן

5 Stages of Destruction ► Stage 1 – Judah becomes a vassal state in 605 BCE ► Stage 2 – Exile of Yehoiachin in 597 BCE ► Stage 3 – Breach of Jerusalem Walls in 587 BCE ► Stage 4 – Beth Hamikdash Destroyed in 587 BCE

Destruction Dates KingsJeremiah Exile of Yehoyachin Destruction of the Temple (2 Kings 25:8) (Jer 52:12) (Jer 52:29) “8th of his [Nebuchadnezzar’s] reign. (2 Kings 24:12) “On the 7th day of the 5th month in the 19th year of King Nebuchadnezzar…” “On the 10th day of the 5th month in the 19th year…” “18th year” “in the 7th year” (Jer 52:28)

On What date was the First Temple Burned? ► ► ירמיהו נב : יב   וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי, בֶּעָשׂוֹר לַחֹדֶשׁ, הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע - עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ - בָּבֶל בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב - טַבָּחִים עָמַד לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ - בָּבֶל בִּירוּשָׁלִָם. ► ► מלכים ב כה : ח   וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי, בְּשִׁבְעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ -- הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע - עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ - בָּבֶל : בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב - טַבָּחִים עֶבֶד מֶלֶךְ - בָּבֶל -- יְרוּשָׁלִָם. ט וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת - בֵּית - יְהוָה

Bavli Ta’anit 29a Resolving the different dates for the Temple’s destruction ► חרב הבית בראשונה - דכתיב ( מלכים ב ' כ " ה ) ובחדש החמישי בשבעה לחדש היא שנת תשע עשרה [ שנה ] למלך נבכדנאצר מלך בבל בא נבוזראדן רב טבחים עבד מלך בבל ירושלם וישרף את בית ה ' וגו ', וכתיב ( ירמיהו נ " ב ) ובחדש החמישי בעשור לחדש היא שנת תשע עשרה [ שנה ] למלך נבוכדנאצר מלך בבל בא נבוזראדן רב טבחים עמד לפני מלך בבל בירושלם וגו '. ותניא : אי אפשר לומר בשבעה - שהרי כבר נאמר בעשור, ואי אפשר לומר בעשור - שהרי כבר נאמר בשבעה. ► הא כיצד ? בשבעה נכנסו נכרים להיכל, ואכלו וקלקלו בו שביעי שמיני, ותשיעי סמוך לחשיכה הציתו בו את האור, והיה דולק והולך כל היום כולו, שנאמר ( ירמיהו ו : ד ) אוי לנו כי פנה היום כי ינטו צללי ערב. ► והיינו דאמר רבי יוחנן : אלמלי הייתי באותו הדור - לא קבעתיו אלא בעשירי, מפני שרובו של היכל בו נשרף. ► ורבנן : אתחלתא דפורענותא עדיפא.

Last Kings of Judah ► ► Jehoiakim BCE   Vassal to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia ► ► Jehoiachin 597BCE   Captured by Nebuchandezzar in a siege   Imprisoned in Babylonia   Freed in 562BCE by Amel-Marduk ► ► Zedekiah BCE   Placed on throne by Nebucahdnezzar   Rebelled and entered alliance with Egypt   Watched children murdered before being blinded

5 Stages of Destruction ► Stage 1 – Judah becomes vassal to Babylonia in 605 BCE ► Stage 2 – Exile of Yehoiachin in 597 BCE ► Stage 3 – Breach of Jerusalem Walls in 587 BCE ► Stage 4 – Beth Hamikdash Destroyed in 587 BCE ► Stage 5 – Gedaliah murdered on 1 st of Tishre 587 BCE

Class 3 The Persian Period Cyrus Returns Exiles Rebuilding the Temple

Stage 1 of Redemption Yehoyachin Freed and Given Daily Allowance And in the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin (562 BCE) king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, Evil-merodach king of Babylon, in the year that he began to reign, graciously freed Jehoiachin king of Judah from prison; and he spoke kindly jto him, and gave him a seat above the seats of the kings who were with him in Babylon. So Jehoiachin put off his prison garments. And every day of his life he dined regularly at the king's table; and for his allowance, a regular allowance was given him by the king, every day a portion, as long as he lived. (2 Kings 25:27-30)

ANET 308 – Lists of Food Deliveries to Important People ► 1... to Ia-'-u-kin, king... to the qîpûtu-house of for Shalamiamu, the for 126 men from Tyre for Zabiruam the Ly[dian]... ► 2 10 sila of oil to... [Ia]-'-kin, king of Ia-[a-hu-du] 2½ sila of oil to the [five so]ns of the king of Ia-a-hu-du 4 sila to eight men from Ia-a-hu-da-a-a... ► 3 1½ sila for three carpenters from Arvad, ½ sila each 11½ sila for eight ditto from Byblus, 1 sila each... 3½ sila sila for seven ditto, ½ sila each ½ sila for Nabû-êtir the carpenter 10 sila to Ia-ku-ú-ki-nu, the son of the king of Ia-ku-du (Yehudah) 2½ sila for the five sons of the king of Ia-ku-du through Qana'a

Stage 2 of Redeption – Cyrus Grants Permission to Return and Rebuild in 539 BCE דברי הימים ב פרק לו ) כ ) וַיֶּגֶל הַשְּׁאֵרִית מִן הַחֶרֶב אֶל בָּבֶל וַיִּהְיוּ לוֹ וּלְבָנָיו לַעֲבָדִים עַד מְלֹךְ מַלְכוּת פָּרָס : ( כא ) לְמַלֹּאות דְּבַר יְקֹוָק בְּפִי יִרְמְיָהוּ עַד רָצְתָה הָאָרֶץ אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתֶיהָ כָּל יְמֵי הָשַּׁמָּה שָׁבָתָה לְמַלֹּאות שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה : פ ( כב ) וּבִשְׁנַת אַחַת לְכוֹרֶשׁ מֶלֶךְ פָּרַס לִכְלוֹת דְּבַר יְקֹוָק בְּפִי יִרְמְיָהוּ הֵעִיר יְקֹוָק אֶת רוּחַ כּוֹרֶשׁ מֶלֶךְ פָּרַס וַיַּעֲבֶר קוֹל בְּכָל מַלְכוּתוֹ וְגַם בְּמִכְתָּב לֵאמֹר : ס ( כג ) כֹּה אָמַר כּוֹרֶשׁ מֶלֶךְ פָּרַס כָּל מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץ נָתַן לִי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהוּא פָקַד עָלַי לִבְנוֹת לוֹ בַיִת בִּירוּשָׁלִַם אֲשֶׁר בִּיהוּדָה מִי בָכֶם מִכָּל עַמּוֹ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהָיו עִמּוֹ וְיָעַל :

Prophecy of Return ► ירמיהו פרק כה : יא - יב וְהָיְתָה כָּל הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת לְחָרְבָּה לְשַׁמָּה וְעָבְדוּ הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה אֶת מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה : וְהָיָה כִמְלֹאות שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה אֶפְקֹד עַל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל וְעַל הַגּוֹי הַהוּא נְאֻם יְקֹוָק אֶת עֲוֹנָם וְעַל אֶרֶץ כַּשְׂדִּים וְשַׂמְתִּי אֹתוֹ לְשִׁמְמוֹת עוֹלָם : ► ירמיהו פרק כט : י כִּי כֹה אָמַר יְקֹוָק כִּי לְפִי מְלֹאת לְבָבֶל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה אֶפְקֹד אֶתְכֶם וַהֲקִמֹתִי עֲלֵיכֶם אֶת דְּבָרִי הַטּוֹב לְהָשִׁיב אֶתְכֶם אֶל הַמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה :

Paying Back the Loan ויקרא פרק כו ( לד ) אָז תִּרְצֶה הָאָרֶץ אֶת שַׁבְּתֹתֶיהָ כֹּל יְמֵי הֳשַׁמָּה וְאַתֶּם בְּאֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם אָז תִּשְׁבַּת הָאָרֶץ וְהִרְצָת אֶת שַׁבְּתֹתֶיהָ : ( לה ) כָּל יְמֵי הָשַּׁמָּה תִּשְׁבֹּת אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא שָׁבְתָה בְּשַׁבְּתֹתֵיכֶם בְּשִׁבְתְּכֶם עָלֶיהָ :

Cyrus Cylinder ► Now in the British Museum

Cyrus Cylinder in British Museum, London

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Cyrus Cylinder ► [28-33] By his exalted word, all the kings who sit upon thrones throughout the world, from the Upper Sea to the Lower Sea [i.e., from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf], who live in the districts far-off, the kings of the West, who dwell in tents, all of them, brought their heavy tribute before me and in Babylon they kissed my feet. From Babylon to Aššur and from Susa, Agade, Ešnunna, Zamban, Me- Turnu, Der, as far as the region of Gutium, the sacred centers on the other side of the Tigris, whose sanctuaries had been abandoned for a long time, I returned the images of the gods, who had resided there [i.e., in Babylon], to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes. I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings. In addition, at the command of Marduk, the great lord, I settled in their habitations, in pleasing abodes, the gods of Sumer and Akkad, whom Nabonidus, to the anger of the lord of the gods, had brought into Babylon. ► [34-36] May all the gods whom I settled in their sacred centers ask daily of Bêl and Nâbu that my days be long and may they intercede for my welfare. May they say to Marduk, my lord: "As for Cyrus, the king who reveres you, and Cambyses, his son, [lacuna]." The people of Babylon blessed my kingship, and I settled all the lands in peaceful abodes.

Replica of Cyrus Cylinder in UN, New York

A seal from the 6 th cent. BCE “Belonging to Yehoyishma, daughter of Sawas-sar-usur.” Sawas-sar-usur is a well-known neo-Babylonian name that means "Shamash [the Babylonian sun- god] protect the king

Stage 3 Rebuilding of Second Bet Hamikdash in BCE ► Texts: Ezra 1-6, Haggai 1 ► People Involved  Sheshbazzar – Yehoyachin’s son  Zerubabel – Yehoyachin’s grandson  Haggai  Zechariah ► Dates  Commences in Darius I’s 2 nd year = 520  Finished on Adar 3 of Darius’ 6 th year = March 516

Achaemenid Dynasty ► Cyrus II, the Great ruled from c BCE Cyrus II, the Great Cyrus II, the Great ► Cambyses II ruled BCE Cambyses II Cambyses II ► Smerdis (Bardiya), ruled 522 BCE Smerdis ► Darius I, the Great ruled BCE Darius I, the Great Darius I, the Great ► Xerxes I ruled BCE Xerxes I Xerxes I ► Artaxerxes I Longimanus ruled BCE Artaxerxes I Longimanus Artaxerxes I Longimanus ► Xerxes II ruled 424 BCE Xerxes II Xerxes II ► Sogdianus ruled BCE Sogdianus ► Darius II Nothus ruled BCE Darius II Nothus Darius II Nothus ► Artaxerxes II Mnemon ruled BCE Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes II Mnemon ► Artaxerxes III Ochus ruled BCE Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes III Ochus ► Artaxerxes IV Arses ruled BCE Artaxerxes IV Arses Artaxerxes IV Arses ► Darius III Codomannus ruled BCE Darius III Codomannus Darius III Codomannus

Greek Historians Herodotus BCE Thucydides BCE

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 2 Ch. 6 “The same summer, at the beginning of a new lunar month, the only time by the way at which it appears possible, the sun was eclipsed after noon. After it had assumed the form of a crescent and some of the stars had come out, it returned to its natural shape.” This text describes a lunar eclipse in the first year of the Peloponnesian war = 431BCE

Thucydides Chapter 13 – eighth year of the war “In first days of the next summer there was an eclipse of the sun at the time of new moon, and in the early part of the same month an earthquake.” This text describes another lunar eclipse in the eight year of the war = 424BCE

y/SEhistory.html Oct 02 (480 BCE)Annular m58sXerxes' Eclipse "...while he was offering sacrifice to know if he should march out against the Persian, the sun was suddenly darkened in mid sky" from Herodotus, History, IX, 10 WikipediaAnnular07m58sWikipedia Aug Aug 03 (431 BCE)Annular m04sPeloponnesian War "... the sun assumed the shape of a crescent and became full again, and during the eclipse some stars became visible." - Thucydides WikipediaAnnular01m04s Wikipedia Mar Mar 21 (424 BCE)Annular m38s8th Year of Peloponnesian War "In first days of the next summer there was an eclipse of the sun at the time of new moon, and in the early part of the same month an earthquake." from The History of the Peloponnesian War WikipediaAnnular04m38s Wikipedia

Thucydides Book 8 Chap. 26 the twentieth year of the war “In the thirteenth year of the reign of Darius, while Alexippidas was ephor at Lacedaemon, a convention was concluded in the plain of the Maeander…” 8 th year of war=424BCE= 1 st year of Darius II Tomb of Darius II Ruled BCE

A Second Interpretation of Jeremiah’s 70 years זכריה פרק א ( יב ) וַיַּעַן מַלְאַךְ יְקֹוָק וַיֹּאמַר יְקֹוָק צְבָאוֹת עַד מָתַי אַתָּה לֹא תְרַחֵם אֶת יְרוּשָׁלִַם וְאֵת עָרֵי יְהוּדָה אֲשֶׁר זָעַמְתָּה זֶה שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה : זכריה פרק ז ( א ) וַיְהִי בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְדָרְיָוֶשׁ הַמֶּלֶךְ הָיָה דְבַר יְקֹוָק אֶל זְכַרְיָה בְּאַרְבָּעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ הַתְּשִׁעִי בְּכִסְלֵו : ( ב ) וַיִּשְׁלַח בֵּית אֵל שַׂר אֶצֶר וְרֶגֶם מֶלֶךְ וַאֲנָשָׁיו לְחַלּוֹת אֶת פְּנֵי יְקֹוָק : ( ג ) לֵאמֹר אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים אֲשֶׁר לְבֵית יְקֹוָק צְבָאוֹת וְאֶל הַנְּבִיאִים לֵאמֹר הַאֶבְכֶּה בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִשִׁי הִנָּזֵר כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי זֶה כַּמֶּה שָׁנִים : פ ( ד ) וַיְהִי דְּבַר יְקֹוָק צְבָאוֹת אֵלַי לֵאמֹר : ( ה ) אֱמֹר אֶל כָּל עַם הָאָרֶץ וְאֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים לֵאמֹר כִּי צַמְתֶּם וְסָפוֹד בַּחֲמִישִׁי וּבַשְּׁבִיעִי וְזֶה שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה הֲצוֹם צַמְתֻּנִי אָנִי :

How to Count 70 ► ירמיהו פרק כה : יא - יב וְהָיְתָה כָּל הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת לְחָרְבָּה לְשַׁמָּה וְעָבְדוּ הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה אֶת מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה : וְהָיָה כִמְלֹאות שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה אֶפְקֹד עַל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל וְעַל הַגּוֹי הַהוּא נְאֻם יְקֹוָק אֶת עֲוֹנָם וְעַל אֶרֶץ כַּשְׂדִּים וְשַׂמְתִּי אֹתוֹ לְשִׁמְמוֹת עוֹלָם : ► ירמיהו פרק כט : י כִּי כֹה אָמַר יְקֹוָק כִּי לְפִי מְלֹאת לְבָבֶל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה אֶפְקֹד אֶתְכֶם וַהֲקִמֹתִי עֲלֵיכֶם אֶת דְּבָרִי הַטּוֹב לְהָשִׁיב אֶתְכֶם אֶל הַמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה : 1.Reign of Nebuchadnezzar in 605 to conquest of Cyrus in Destruction in 587 to Rededication in 515

Stage 4 - Activities of Ezra and Nehemiah ► Ez 7-8 Sent by Artexerxes (I? in 458BCE) ► Ez 9-10 Mixed Marriages

Book of Nehemiah ► Arrived in 455BCE ► Ch 1-7:3 Rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem ► 7:4-73 Census of returned exiles ► 8:1-12 Ezra reads the Torah in public ► 8:13-17 Celebrate Sukkoth ► 9-10 A new covenant ► 11-12:26 Repopulation, lists of people ► 12:27-13:3 Dedication of city walls ► 13:4-31 Legislation of laws

Early Midrash in Nehamiah Ch 10  10:1-28 List of Signatories  Pledge to keep Hashem’s law in general  pledge to keep a set of particular laws ► 10:31 prohibition to intermarry all people in land from Exodus 34:11-16 and Devarim 7:1-3 ► 10:32 buying is prohibited on Shabbat extending Ex 34:21 (farm work), 35:3 (fire), Jer 17:21 (burden), Amos 8:5 (selling), Neh 13:5 (selling and pressing wine) ► 10:33 extends Ex 30:11-16 to be an annual tax ► 10:35 enables law of Vayikra 6:1-6, wood to burn continually ► 10:36 extends Devarim 26:2 to fruit trees

Stage 5 of Redemption and yet a third interpretation of Jeremiah’s 70 ► Read Daniel 9 ► ויקרא פרק כו : יח וְאִם עַד אֵלֶּה לֹא תִשְׁמְעוּ לִי וְיָסַפְתִּי לְיַסְּרָה אֶתְכֶם שֶׁבַע עַל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם : ► 70 = 70 x 7 =  7 x x 7 (434) + ½ x 7 + ½ x 7 = 490  From Nebuchadnezzar to Hashmonaim  From Destruction I to Destruction II (Seder Olam)

Seder Olam Chronology ► סדר עולם רבה פרק כח רבי יוסי אומר שבעים שבעים ( דניאל ט : כה ), משחרב בית ראשון ועד שחרב בית אחרון, שבעים לחרבנו וארבע מאות ועשרים לבנינו... רבי יוסי אומר מלכות פרס בפני הבית ל " ד שנה, מלכות יון מאה ושמונים, מלכות בית חשמונאי מאה ושלש, מלכות הורודוס מאה ושלש, מכאן ואילך צא וחשוב לחרבן הבית

Bavli Avodah Zarah 9a R. Yose ben Halafta taught: ► Persian rule lasted 34 years after the building of the Temple, ► Greece ruled 180 years during the existence of the Temple, ► the Hasmonean rule lasted 103 years during temple times, ► the House of Herod ruled 103. Thence onward, one should go on counting the years as from the Destruction of the Temple.

Comparing Chronologies ► Seder Olam Chronology  421 Destruction of Temple I  369 Darius the Mede received kingdom  368BCE Koresh reigns, decree of return  Purim during Ahashverosh  Daryavesh reigns  351 Begin rebuilding Temple ► Historians’ Chronology  586 Destruction of Temple I  539 Cyrus takes Babylonia  538 Cyrus decrees return  Darius I reigns  520 Begin rebuilding Temple  484 Purim during Artexerxes I

Purim ► ► Who is Ahashverosh?   Xerxes I BCE or Artexerxes II   But, Herodotus (9.109): “Amastris the wife of Xerxes.” ► ► Read Ezra 1-6, Zechariah 7 and 8:16-19 ► ► Menachem Leibtag article ► ► Compare Esther 2:5 and Zech 8:23 ► ► And Esther 9:30 and Zech 8:19

Esther and Zechariah ► ► אסתר פרק ב : ה אִישׁ יְהוּדִי הָיָה בְּשׁוּשַׁן הַבִּירָה וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי בֶּן יָאִיר בֶּן שִׁמְעִי בֶּן קִישׁ אִישׁ יְמִינִי : ► ► זכריה פרק ח : כג ױכֹּה אָמַר יְקֹוָק צְבָאוֹת בַּיָּמִים הָהֵמָּה אֲשֶׁר יַחֲזִיקוּ עֲשָׂרָה אֲנָשִׁים מִכֹּל לְשֹׁנוֹת הַגּוֹיִם וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ בִּכְנַף אִישׁ יְהוּדִי לֵאמֹר נֵלְכָה עִמָּכֶם כִּי שָׁמַעְנוּ אֱלֹהִים עִמָּכֶם :

Zechariah and Esther ► ► אסתר פרק ט ( ל ) וַיִּשְׁלַח סְפָרִים אֶל כָּל הַיְּהוּדִים אֶל שֶׁבַע וְעֶשְׂרִים וּמֵאָה מְדִינָה מַלְכוּת אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם וֶאֱמֶת : ► ► זכריה פרק ח ( יט ) כֹּה אָמַר יְקֹוָק צְבָאוֹת צוֹם הָרְבִיעִי וְצוֹם הַחֲמִישִׁי וְצוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְצוֹם הָעֲשִׂירִי יִהְיֶה לְבֵית יְהוּדָה לְשָׂשׂוֹן וּלְשִׂמְחָה וּלְמֹעֲדִים טוֹבִים וְהָאֱמֶת וְהַשָּׁלוֹם אֱהָבוּ : פ

והוצאתי והצלתי וגאלתי ולקחתי, והבאתי 5 Stages of Galut ► Judah becomes vassal to Babylonia in 605 BCE ► Exile of Yehoiachin in 597 BCE ► Breach of Jerusalem Walls in 587 BCE ► Beth Hamikdash Destroyed in 587 BCE ► Gedaliah murdered on 1 st of Tishre 587 BCE 5 Stages of Geulah 1. Yehoyachin Freed and Given Daily Allowance 2. Cyrus Grants Permission to Return and Rebuild in 539 BCE 3. Rebuilding of Second Bet Hamikdash in BCE 4. Activities of Ezra and Nehemiah 5. Hasmonean Independence

Important Dates ► ► 605 Nebuchadnezzar comes to power ► ► 597 Galut Yehoyachin ► ► 587 Destruction of Bet haMikdash I ► ► 562 Yehoyachin taken out of prison ► ► 539 Cyrus destroys Babylonia, decree ► ► Rebuilding of Bet haMikdash