The Sixth Meeting Cellular Technology

 The development of information and communication technology is very fast.  Communication use cables becoming abandoned.  Humans are no dependent on technology 'wires'.  Wireless networks have shifted the role of a wired network.  By carrying excellence in practicality, efficiency and effectiveness, the wireless network has been successfully satisfy its user. Introduction to Cellular Technology

Cellular network technology evolved from analog to digital systems, from circuit switching into packet switching. The evolution of mobile technology is divided into: 1G: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) 2G: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) 2.5G: GPRS (General Packet Radio System) 3G: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) 3.5G: HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) 4G: LTE (Long Term Evolution) Introduction to Cellular Technology (2)

WIRELESS Classification

There is at least one mobile terminal in communication High transmit power Antenna as high as possible Cell coverage profuse Handoff concept does not exist at the beginning Mobile Communications Systems Requirement

Early Generation of Mobile Communications Systems The Weakness Cost is expensive because it requires high power amplifier and antenna height Leisure customers interrupted when switching coverage Low capacity Low spectrum efficiency

 AMPS is the first generation of cellular technology.  Using analog technology and serve only voice communications.  Work on the 800 MHz frequency band  Access method use FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).  AMPS technology start to be used in 1970 as the invention of the microprocessor for wireless communication.  The increasing number of customers can not be accommodated first generation. 1G: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)

2G: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

GSM Frame Structure

2.5G: GPRS (General Packet Radio System)  GPRS network is a result of the development of GSM  Theoretically, the data rate can reach kbps and the actual data rate can be approximately 115 kbps.  GPRS is a technology that is “always on”, meaning that the user is always connected and does not need to dial up to gain the connection again.  The total cost will be charged based only on the amount of data transmitted  GPRS technology enables accessing of the Internet via mobile telephone.  GPRS is developed using GSM technology and therefore the speed of data for Internet connection using GPRS is not quite satisfactory.

3G: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Standard)

3G: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)  This generation is better known as WCDMA (Wideband - Coded Division Multiple Access).  Data transmission rates up to 2 Mbps offered to fixed users with a wide bandwidth of 5 MHz.  The user is allowed to get varied bandwidth according to the user demand which is one of the excellent features of UMTS networks.  One of the most famous examples of services, 3G video call which is the image of our friends talk can be seen from our 3G mobile phone.  Other services are, video conferencing, video streaming, both for Live TV and video portal, Video Mail, PC to Mobile, and Internet Browsing.

3.5G: HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)  HSDPA is an evolution of UMTS, HSDPA network architecture that still use the UMTS network architecture.  Technology 3.5 G or also called super 3G is an improvement of the 3G technology, especially in increasing the speed of data transfer over 3G technology (> 2 Mbps) so that it can serve multimedia communications such as Internet access and video sharing.  The main purpose of HSDPA is to increase the capacity of the transmitted data packet and reduce the delay of a data packet transmission.  In the Indonesian market was at the 3.5G technology, which for the generation 4G can not be implemented because not get permission to use the frequency of government (still under preparation)

4G: LTE (Long Term Evolution)  In IP-based 4G technology will be capable of integrating the entire system and the existing network.  Which may be given access speed 4G fluttering from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps, both indoors and outdoors with QoS (Quality of Service) are guaranteed a good, guaranteed security system, and the delivery of real-time information, wherever and whenever.  4G technology is expected to meet the needs of wireless applications, such as mobile TV, HDTV, and digital video broadcasting.  LTE was first launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, LTE is a technology that was asked to replace UMTS / HSDPA. LTE is expected to be standardized globally mobile phone first.

Cellular System

 Communication systems are used to provide telecommunications services for mobile customers.  Called cellular system because its service area is divided into small areas called CELL.  CHARACTERISTICS: The customer is able to move freely within the service area while communicating without termination. Cellular System

An area (e.g city), is divided into several sub- areas (cells) Each average-sized cells 26 km2 The scope of a hexagon-shaped cells and form a large hexagon grid. Therefore, mobile phone and the base station (BTS) using a low-powered transmitters, the same frequencies can be reused in cells that are not adjacent Each cell has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio device Cellular System (2)

Area Splitting One cell divides into several subsel. Purpose: to divide an area that is too dense for the services are still available

Cellular System Architecture Cell The basic unit of the cellular system Cell size depends on the area Cluster A set of cells No channel frequency reuse

A typical network layout

The working principle of the cellular network

Handover

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) FDMA divides the frequency slots into small canals that same bandwidth, which is then used individually by the user. Each user is the one with the other is not a mutual interference. FDMA is used in 1G networks and continued on 2G network technology in combination with TDMA. 1G only uses FDMA which allocates each user with different frequencies. Security level is very low and limited frequency allocation. If the frequency is full, it does not allow for the addition of a new user.

12.25 Channelization : FDMA  In frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), the available bandwidth is shared by all stations.  Each station uses its allocated band to send its data. Each band is reserved for a specific station.  The band belongs to the station all the time. FDMA is a data link layer protocol that uses FDM at the physical layer.

12.26 Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)

Diagram of an FDMA system

Band Frekuensi =Downlink (BS  MS) ~ MHz Uplink (MS  BS) ~ MHz Jumlah carrier =124 carrier spacing =200KHz Duplex Spacing = 45 MHz ARFCN =1 ~ 124 FDMA Structure

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) In TDMA, frequency channels are not permanently dedicated to mobile users individually, but it is used together with other users with just a different time. The time difference is divided into sections called TDMA timeslot, which then will be given individually to the mobile user. TDMA systems used in GSM mobile network system

12.30 Channelization : TDMA  In time-division multiple access (TDMA), the entire bandwidth is just one channel.  The stations share the capacity of the channel in time. Each station is allocated a time slot during which it can send data.  TDMA is a data link layer protocol that uses TDM at the physical layer. TDMA is used in the cellular telephone network

12.31 Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

Operation of a TDMA system

ARFCN atau “Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number” adalah nomer channel yang berurutan yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi carrier yang berbeda. Hubungan antara parameter ARFCN dan frekuensi carrier adalah sebagai berikut: fUplink = *(ARFCN-1) MHz fDownlink = fUplink + 45 MHz Prinsip kerja Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

8 Percakapan, 8 Channel Delapan percakapan -- satu channel Work Process of TDMA With one channel can carry a conversation eighth in a way to divide the conversation into fragments called Timeslot, Communication between the BTS and the MS through the physical channel in the form of a burst

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) In CDMA, each mobile user will not be distinguished by frequency or time, but according to a unique code. Base station and the mobile user should have the ability to identify the code and read the information contained therein Information from the user changed from narrow narrowband signal into a wideband signal width, by multiplying the high frequency code called chiprate. Then the wideband signal is transmitted over a radio network, on the receiving side after the wideband signal is received, the code is translated back into the original information by multiplying it back to the original high-frequency code. CDMA system is used in multiple access systems 3G (UMTS)

CDMA Network Structure

W-CDMA system is a multiple access technology that is stocked in a high bandwidth (5-5MHz), wider than the bandwidth of the CDMA system This technology differs from conventional GSM system uses frequency division available bandwidth and time slot. WCDMA can be said to be based broadband CDMA GSM is often also known as Access Technology of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication) is an implementation of 3G that can reach speeds up to 2 Mbps. Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

WCDMA Network

CDMA  Let us assume that four stations (1,2,3,4 with codes c1,c2,c3,c4) connected to the same channel are sending data d1,d2,d3,d4.  Let us assume that the assigned codes have two properties: 1. If we multiply each code by another, we get If we multiply each code by itself, we get 4(the number of stations)  The stations send data If any station, (say station2) wants to get data sent by another station (say station1), station2 multiplies the data on the channel by the code of the sending station (i.e c1) and divides the result by 4:  Data received by station2= {(d1.c1+d2.c2+d3.c3+d4.c4).c1}x1/4 =d1 The code assigned to each station is a sequence of numbers called chips

12.40 Simple idea of communication with code

12.41 Chip sequences

12.42 Data representation in CDMA

12.43 Sharing channel in CDMA

12.44 Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA

12.45 Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA. The Fig. shows how station 3 can detect the data sent by station2.

12.46 Find the chips for a network with a. Two stations b. Four stations Example 12.6 Solution We can use the rows of W 2 and W 4 : a. For a two-station network, we have [+1 +1] and [+1 −1]. b. For a four-station network we have [ ], [+1 −1 +1 −1], [+1 +1 −1 −1], and [+1 −1 −1 +1].

12.47 What is the number of sequences if we have 90 stations in our network? Example 12.7 Solution The number of sequences needs to be 2 m. We need to choose m = 7 and N = 2 7 or 128. We can then use 90 of the sequences as the chips.

12.48 Prove that a receiving station can get the data sent by a specific sender if it multiplies the entire data on the channel by the sender’s chip code and then divides it by the number of stations. Example 12.8 Solution Let us prove this for the first station, using our previous four-station example. We can say that the data on the channel D = (d 1 ⋅ c 1 + d 2 ⋅ c 2 + d 3 ⋅ c 3 + d 4 ⋅ c 4 ). The receiver which wants to get the data sent by station 1 multiplies these data by c 1.

12.49 Example 12.8 (continued) When we divide the result by N, we get d 1.

Tahapan Evolusi GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA-UMTS/HSDPA

Understanding for Packet Switching  Data to be transmitted is divided into small parts (packets) and then transmitted and the data is converted back to the original.  Can transmit thousands and even millions of packets per second  Allows for the use of the transmission channel simultaneously by other users  Transmission through the PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) by using an IP backbone

Evolution step GSM / GPRS/UMTS/HSDPA MSC HLR/AuC EIR BSC BTS PSTN Network SS7 Network Um GSM INFRASTRUCTURE Border Gateway (BG) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Lawful Interception Gateway (LIG) Inter- PLMN network GPRS backbone network (IP based) Internet PCU GPRS INFRASTRUCTURE Node-B RNC Iu IWU Um UMTS (WCDMA) INFRASTRUCTURE Edge Edge TRX Abis HSDPA HSDPA TRX

Stages of Evolution CDMA CDMA2000 PCN/Mobile IP Interworking function CDMA2000 cdmaOne All IP IS-95A CDMA Voice, packet- 9.6/14.4 Kbps IS-95B CDMA Voice, packet- 64 Kbps IS X 144 Kbps 600 Kbps peak IS XEV-DO 600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS XEV-DV 2-5 Mbps peak

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