CSE Fall Introduction - 1 Architecture Overview (Start here on Fri)  Architecture (Harvard v. Princeton)  Program Memory (ROM)  External  Internal  Data Memory (RAM)  Direct  Indirect  SFR’s  Instruction Execution Cycle  Risc/Accumulator  Microcode  Structure of an Assembly Language Program  Bidirectional I/O Ports  Timers/Counters  Modes  Serial I/O Port  Interrupt Controller

CSE Fall Introduction - 2 Simple Princeton Architecture ALU ROM Linear Address Space W/ Mem Mapped IO/SFR’s PCSPGPRsIR mux Control IR I/O Port Timer, SFR’s Status Reset Vector Interrupt Vect RAM address data

CSE Fall Introduction - 3 Analysis  Bottleneck into and out of memory for data and code  Use of critical 8-bit address space (256) for memory mapped I/O and special function registers (timers and their controllers, interrupt controllers, serial port buffers, stack pointers, PC, etc). For example, the Motorola 6805 processor has only 187 RAM locations.  But, easy to program and debug. Compiler is simple too.

CSE Fall Introduction : Modified Harvard Architecture ALU PC Internals Control Status Reset Vector Interrupt Vect RAM SFR’s (direct) Usually Stack (indirect) Bit Addressable Reg. Banks address mux data (indirect or Direct) 8051 standard + Enhancements

CSE Fall Introduction Memory Architecture  Advantages  Simultaneous access to Program and Data store  Register banks great for avoiding context switching on interrupt and for code compression  8-bit address space extended to = 384 registers by distinguishing between direct and indirect addressing for upper 128 bytes. Good for code compression  Bit addressable great for managing status flags  Disadvantage  A little bit confusing, with potential for errors.

CSE Fall Introduction - 6 Instruction Execution  6 states/machine cycle, 2 clocks/state = 12 clocks/machine cycle. Some instructions take two machine cycles, most take one.  Can make two ROM accesses in on memory cycle? (three byte inst)  More like CISC than RISC  Interesting features  No Zero flag (test accumulator instead)  Bit operations  Read Modify Write operations (ports)  Register to Register Moves  Integer arithmetic  Signed arithmetic  Byte and Register Exchange operations

CSE Fall Introduction - 7 Assembly Programming  Declare Segments and Segment types  Assembler converts to machine code, with relocatable segments.  Linker perform absolute code location  Segments  DATA  IDATA  PDATA  XDATA  CODE  CONST  Example Assembly Program

CSE Fall Introduction - 8 Anatomy of an Assembly Program unsigned int i; void main (void) { unsigned int tmp; while (1) { P1^= 0x01; i = 0; do { tmp = i; i += P2; } while (tmp < i); } Look for overflow in C – difficult to do Note i is global and tmp is local. What happens to local variables? How are registers used? What happens in a subroutine call?

CSE Fall Introduction - 9 Now in Assembly RSEG PROG ; first set Stack Pointer START:MOV SP,#STACK-1 CLR flag ; just for show SETB flag ; just for show LOOP1:CLR C ; Clear carry MOV A,il ADD A,P2; ; increment MOV il,A JNC LOOP1 ; loop until carry INC ih ; increment hi byte MOV A,ih ; check if zero JNZ LOOP1 ; XRL P1,#01H SJMP LOOP1 END NAMEFLASH PUBLIC il PUBLIC ih PROGSEGMENTCODE ;CONSTSEGMENTCODE VAR1SEGMENTDATA BITVARSEGMENTBIT STACKSEGMENTIDATA RSEG BITVAR flag: DBIT 1 RSEG VAR1 ih:DS 1 il: DS 1 RSEG STACK DS 10H ; 16 Bytes Stack CSEG AT 0 USING 0 ; Register-Bank 0 ; Execution starts at address 0 on power-up. JMP START

CSE Fall Introduction - 10 Compiled C ?C0001:XRL P1,#01H CLR A MOV i,A MOV i+01H,A ?C0005: MOV R7,i+01H MOV R6,i MOV R5,P2 MOV A,R5 ADD A,i+01H MOV i+01H,A CLR A ADDC A,i MOV i,A CLR C MOV A,R7 SUBB A,i+01H MOV A,R6 SUBB A,i JC ?C0005 SJMP ?C0001 But, here is the optimized Compiled C

CSE Fall Introduction - 11 I/O Ports  Input ports: Hi Input impedance (like CMOS transistor gate)  Output ports: Hi drive (current source/sink) capability (like CMOS transistor channel)  Bidirectional Ports?  Weak Pullup Approach used in the 8051  Configuration bits (used in other MCU’s)

CSE Fall Introduction - 12 Basic Electronics  Speaker Interface. Design a direct drive circuit for the speakers. How much power are we dissipating in the speaker if we stay within current rating of chip?  How can we get more power to the speaker?  Note to self: Saturation v. Linear operation

CSE Fall Introduction - 13 Lab 2  Design and implement Audio Amplifier interface to  Simple program (in assembly) that can generate a controllable range of audio frequencies (like lab1, but different range of frequencies and use interrupts instead of busy waiting).  Use interrupts to generate the pulse trains  Any algorithm suggestions? Lets keep it simple!!  Lab write-up  Characteristics of your speaker: min max tone frequency, audibility (loadness) v. frequency, etc. Anything else you notice  Are your drive transistors operating in linear or saturation mode? How can you tell?  Resource Utilization Analysis  % of time in ISR (can you minimize this?)  Worst case stack size

CSE Fall Introduction - 14 Embedded Hardware  Microcontrollers  Smallest: PIC 8-Pin (8-bit) PIC 8-pin MicrocontrollerPIC 8-pin Microcontroller  Middle: 6805 (8 bit) Example Flash Based 8051Example Flash Based 8051  Many 16-bit DSP Microcontrollers  HW support for MAC, Filter Algorithms  High End: StrongArm (32 bit) IntelIntel  Compare to pentium  External memory  Data Address Multiplexing  Memory Mapped I/O  Device Interfaces  Resistive Sensors (Strain, Temp, Gas, etc.)  Motion sensors (accelerometer)  Valve  Motor (Stepper, DC, Servo)\  Speaker  LCD Display  LED  Latches  Gas Sensors