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Lesson 6: The United States Navy : Technological revolution

Learning Objectives Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period.Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period. Comprehend the M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S maritime interests.Comprehend the M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S maritime interests. Comprehend the lessons of the Crimean War.Comprehend the lessons of the Crimean War.

Remember our Themes! The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign PolicyThe Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Interaction between Congress and the NavyInteraction between Congress and the Navy Interservice RelationsInterservice Relations TechnologyTechnology LeadershipLeadership Strategy and TacticsStrategy and Tactics Evolution of Naval DoctrineEvolution of Naval Doctrine

Naval Warfighting Doctrine Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”.Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”. –Protect U. S. commercial interests overseas - “Showing the flag.” Overall DoctrineOverall Doctrine –Focus on Commerce Raiding - “Guerre de Course”. –Command of the sea -- de-emphasized. –Coastal defense - Army forts constructed at entrances to ports.

Board of Commissioners Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with paperwork during War of 1812Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with paperwork during War of 1812 Asked Congress to establish three officer “advisory board”Asked Congress to establish three officer “advisory board” Congress does so in 1815Congress does so in 1815 –John Rodgers –Isaac Hull –David Porter

The “Bureau System” Secretary of the Navy Upshur Secretary of the Navy Upshur –Proponent of expansion, modernization, and reform. Five “bureaus” established to replace the Board of Commissioners in 1842.Five “bureaus” established to replace the Board of Commissioners in –Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks –Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography –Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair –Bureau of Medicine and Surgery –Bureau of Provisions and Clothing

“Tippecanoe and…” Abel P. Upshur SECNAV under President TylerAbel P. Upshur SECNAV under President Tyler Tyler Doctrine: No one colonizes HawaiiTyler Doctrine: No one colonizes Hawaii Bureau SystemBureau System Continued Naval IncreaseContinued Naval Increase Guerre de CourseGuerre de Course

Secretary of Navy James C. Dobbin Hagan: “godfather of modern American Sea Power”Hagan: “godfather of modern American Sea Power” Modernized fleet in order to maintain “our proper and elevated rank among the great powers of the world.”Modernized fleet in order to maintain “our proper and elevated rank among the great powers of the world.”

Industrial Revolution Affects naval technology.Affects naval technology. Propulsion:Sail to Steam Armor:Wood to Iron Weapons:Solid Shot to Shell

Steam Power James Watt -- Steam Engine advances made in 1770’s.James Watt -- Steam Engine advances made in 1770’s. Robert Fulton - Steam-driven “paddle wheelers”.Robert Fulton - Steam-driven “paddle wheelers”. –Clermont First practical steamship. –Demologos (Fulton) First steam warship. –Engines and paddles take gun space and are vulnerable to attack. M. F. Maury, Robert Stockton and M.C. Perry:M. F. Maury, Robert Stockton and M.C. Perry: –Leading naval advocates for steam power. –Fulton II Commanded by M.C. Perry. Mississippi and Missouri Mississippi and Missouri Princeton “Screw” propeller warship.Princeton “Screw” propeller warship. –Stockton brings John Ericcson from Europe to design. –All machinery below decks. Merrimack - class “fast screw” frigates ’s.Merrimack - class “fast screw” frigates ’s. European navies also develop steam power and screws.European navies also develop steam power and screws.

USS Mississippi

USS Princeton

Armor Korean “Turtle” ShipsKorean “Turtle” Ships –Japanese-Korean War –Iron deck on galleys provided protection from boarding and projectiles. French ironclad frigate Gloire French ironclad frigate Gloire –36 guns in broadside. –5,600-tons displacement. –Wooden hull with iron armor plating. British ironclad battleship Warrior British ironclad battleship Warrior –40 guns in broadside. –9,000-tons displacement. –Iron hull with iron armor plating. –First “modern” warship -- sometimes referred to as first battleship.

Ordnance USS Princeton ordnance demonstration USS Princeton ordnance demonstration –“Peacemaker” improperly reinforced. Explosion kills six, including the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. –U.S. naval ordnance development suspended. John Dahlgren -- “Father of Modern Naval Ordnance”John Dahlgren -- “Father of Modern Naval Ordnance” –“Dahlgren Gun” ’s. Nine inch shell gun. Mounted on Merrimac - class frigates. –Bore is smooth - still inaccurate at longer ranges. –Experiments with “rifled” cannon begin.

John Dahlgren Fatherof Modern Naval Ordnance

Matthew Fontaine Maury Pathfinder of the Seas “Father of Naval Oceanography” Studies of weather and currents allow preparation of detailed navigation charts.Studies of weather and currents allow preparation of detailed navigation charts.

U.S. Navy Expedition to Japan Acquisition of California and Oregon Acquisition of California and Oregon –U.S. is now a power in the Pacific Ocean. JapanJapan –Island nation closed to foreign influence. Commodore M.C. PerryCommodore M.C. Perry –U.S. Navy squadron to Japan –Returns to Tokyo Bay Treaty of Kanagawa Treaty of Kanagawa –Protection of American seamen. –Two ports opened to American shipping.

USS Susquehanna Commodore Perry’s Flagship during mission to Japan.

Conclusion Period of U.S. territorial and commercial expansion.Period of U.S. territorial and commercial expansion. –Navy grows after War of –Supports American trade overseas. Relative peace throughout period.Relative peace throughout period. –U.S. - defensive and isolationist policy for Europe. –Popular support of Navy slowly declines. Experiments with new naval technologies.Experiments with new naval technologies.

Next time: The Civil War,