“Islam is Politics” -Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini, Iran 1979

EGYPT Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt still in control of Suez Canal

Iran Oil is a major resource-British run company controlled Iran’s oil Oil is a major resource-British run company controlled Iran’s oil 1951 Iranian Parliament named Mohammad Mosaddeq prime minister and nationalized the Iranian Oil Industry 1951 Iranian Parliament named Mohammad Mosaddeq prime minister and nationalized the Iranian Oil Industry Iran was ruled by a shah or king-Mosaddeq worked to reduce power of monarchy Iran was ruled by a shah or king-Mosaddeq worked to reduce power of monarchy Mosaddeq was overthrown and Shah returned to power Mosaddeq was overthrown and Shah returned to power The shah also made social reforms like giving rights to women and he tried to secularize the govt. The shah also made social reforms like giving rights to women and he tried to secularize the govt. Shah Pahlavi

Iranian Revolution, 1979 Many Muslims did not like the Shah (leader) of Iran because of his connections to the West and his new reforms Many Muslims did not like the Shah (leader) of Iran because of his connections to the West and his new reforms Majority of Iranians were poor Majority of Iranians were poor Fundamentalists viewed Fundamentalists viewed shah as a traitor to Islam Riots begin Shah with US Pres. Carter

Islamic Fundamentalism Movement to reorder government and society according to Islamic laws Movement to reorder government and society according to Islamic laws Islamists believe that Muslim countries have strayed from the path of true Islam by following Western models of political and economic development Islamists believe that Muslim countries have strayed from the path of true Islam by following Western models of political and economic development Violence Violence

Ayatollah Khomeini In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini, a Shi’ite Muslim, led a Revolution to overthrow the Shah In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini, a Shi’ite Muslim, led a Revolution to overthrow the Shah Set up a theocracy: Set up a theocracy: govt. run by religious leaders

American Hostage Crisis During the Revolution, Radical Muslim Students seized the U.S Embassy and held 66 Americans hostage for 444 days. During the Revolution, Radical Muslim Students seized the U.S Embassy and held 66 Americans hostage for 444 days. The hostage crisis severely damaged the US/Iran relationship The hostage crisis severely damaged the US/Iran relationship Hostages

Iran: Islamic State Khomeini set up an Islamic State headed by himself as “Supreme Religious Leader” Khomeini set up an Islamic State headed by himself as “Supreme Religious Leader” Religious leaders controlled the military, made laws, courts, and education. Religious leaders controlled the military, made laws, courts, and education. Public Morality was enforced: Public Morality was enforced: No mingling of opposite sexes No mingling of opposite sexes Women must veil Women must veil themselves in public Alcohol was banned Alcohol was banned

Islamic Laws in Action Executions Stoning Lashing

Iran-Iraq War ( ) Iraq (Saddam Hussein-dictator) attacked Iran because of border disputes Iraq (Saddam Hussein-dictator) attacked Iran because of border disputes Hoped to take advantage of Hoped to take advantage of revolutionary chaos 500,000 dead on both sides. 500,000 dead on both sides. Iraq used chemical weapons Iraq used chemical weapons Iran and Iraq agreed to a Iran and Iraq agreed to acease-fire

Iran Today In Iran today, many young people are demanding more freedoms in Iran In Iran today, many young people are demanding more freedoms in Iran Protests Protests Freedoms: Freedoms: Voting Rights Voting Rights Moral Rights Moral Rights Economic Rights Economic Rights Freedom of Entertainment Freedom of Entertainment Less Oppression Less Oppression

The Persian Gulf War In 1990 Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into an Iraqi oil field and stealing oil In 1990 Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into an Iraqi oil field and stealing oil Iraq attacked Kuwait Iraq attacked Kuwait U.S.-led coalition launched the Persian Gulf War- attacked the Iraqi forces in Kuwait U.S.-led coalition launched the Persian Gulf War- attacked the Iraqi forces in Kuwait In weeks, Kuwait was freed. In weeks, Kuwait was freed. After the war After the war the UN continued its economic sanctions the UN continued its economic sanctions insisted that Iraq destroy its chemical and biological weapons insisted that Iraq destroy its chemical and biological weapons Also to agree not to develop nuclear weapons. Also to agree not to develop nuclear weapons. But Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors… But Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors…

Terrorism and Islam Terrorism: Terrorism: Uses violence to achieve a political or religious end (terrorist: someone who commits terrorism) Uses violence to achieve a political or religious end (terrorist: someone who commits terrorism) Quran does not allow the killing of innocents or suicide Quran does not allow the killing of innocents or suicide Terrorists believe they are jihadists: die in defense of religion, become martyrs Terrorists believe they are jihadists: die in defense of religion, become martyrs Jihad: Jihad: “Striving or Struggling in the Way of God” “Striving or Struggling in the Way of God”

9/11 Terrorists hijacked four passenger airplanes and crashed them into the WTC and the Pentagon Terrorists hijacked four passenger airplanes and crashed them into the WTC and the Pentagon The fourth crashed in rural PA The fourth crashed in rural PA Nearly 3,000 died Nearly 3,000 died

Al Qaeda The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack against the United States Navy destroyer USS Cole on October 12, 2000 Osama Bin Laden Taliban in Afghanistan

War on Terror U.S. targeted al Qaeda and the Taliban U.S. targeted al Qaeda and the Taliban Taliban-group that was governing Afghanistan according to strict interpretation of Islamic law Taliban-group that was governing Afghanistan according to strict interpretation of Islamic law 2001-U.S. forced Taliban out of Afghanistan 2001-U.S. forced Taliban out of Afghanistan Osama Bin Laden was shot and killed on May 2, 2011 by U.S. Navy Seals and CIA Osama Bin Laden was shot and killed on May 2, 2011 by U.S. Navy Seals and CIA

The Iraq War-2003 U.S. leaders worried that Hussein might have deadly weapons that he could give to terrorists U.S. leaders worried that Hussein might have deadly weapons that he could give to terrorists Another U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq, quickly forcing Hussein out of power. Another U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq, quickly forcing Hussein out of power. American weapon inspectors failed to find stockpiles of biological or chemical weapons or evidence proving Hussein had a role in 9/11 American weapon inspectors failed to find stockpiles of biological or chemical weapons or evidence proving Hussein had a role in 9/11 Insurgency ensued Insurgency ensued

Statue of Saddam Hussein being toppled in Firdos Square after the US invasion of Iraq Saddam shortly after capture by American forces, and after being shaved to confirm his identity December 2003

Iraq Timeline 2004 political power was transferred to the Iraqis 2004 political power was transferred to the Iraqis 2005 Iraqis voted in the country’s first multiparty election in 50 years and later approved a new constitution that would make Iraq an Islamic federal democracy 2005 Iraqis voted in the country’s first multiparty election in 50 years and later approved a new constitution that would make Iraq an Islamic federal democracy November 5 th, 2006-Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. (Dec. 30, 2006) All US Forces were mandated to withdraw from Iraqi territory by December 31, 2011 under the agreement signed in 2008 by President Bush- completed on December 18, 2011