War and Peace Chapter 5 How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada

Superpower A country that is more powerful than all other countries. Superpowers dominate world affairs Today the United States is a Super Power In the 1700’s France and England were rival superpowers

France and England AT WAR! France and England were often in war. They both wanted the same thing…more territories and power. The Seven Years War

Perspectives on War Halifax Merchant “If our navy can defeat the French, we will have a much larger market for our goods. Should I be planning to set up a business in Quebec City?”

Perspectives on War Canadien Habitant “If the English come here, will we be forced to give up our livelihoods, homes, rights, language, and religion?”

Perspectives on War Mi’kmaq woman “We have lived peacefully with the Acadians. The British have been our enemy since they raided to enslave us. If the British come, will they take our land?”

Perspectives on War Mohawk trapper “We have a strong alliance with the French. Will we have to defend them in this war? What is war going to mean for the fur trade?”

Perspectives on War Acadian Farmer “Why can’t both sides just leave us in peace? Why do we have to choose to support one side or the other?”

Background to War Seven Years war 1756 Almost a World War (Europe, India, Carribean, Africa)

The French Perspective Established in North America (1750) Huge colony The heart of New France was Quebec These colonists saw themselves as Canadians not Europeans Felt Secure with Quebec and Louisbourg

Canadiens? Canadiens: Francaphone citizens of Quebec. Francaphone: A person who’s first language is French.

The English Perspective English colonists outnumbered French colonists Most lived in the 13 colonies Wanted to move into the interior (Ohio Valley) Wanted control of Atlantic fisheries Wanted St. Lawrence Navy was huge

French Strengths Weaknesses Most powerful army in Europe Strong fortresses at Louisbourg, Quebec Many First Nation alliances Eg Mi’qmac,Mohawks, Wendat, Algonquin Weaknesses Dependant on France for supplies Huge territory to defend Single entry to colony (St Lawrence) Military government officials who couldn’t agree on defences

English Strengths Weaknesses army not used to guerrilla forest warfare Most powerful navy in Europe. Prosperous colonies in New England 13 that provided supplies. Haudenosaunee allies Weaknesses army not used to guerrilla forest warfare Major challenges to capture forts Constant bickering among the 13 colonies

War Rumblings in the West War started out in Ohio valley led by a Major George Washington. He lost a battle but later the English would send in more forces. French knew Indian style warfare British were determined to rid North Americans of the French. They sent more ships, soldiers and money.

Prelude to War The Acadians The Acadians were the descendants of the French and farmed the shores of the Bay of Fundy. By 1710 Acadia was under British control. Britain changed the name to Nova Scotia and let the Acadians live in Peace.

Acadian Way of Life 1750 10 000 Acadians farmed. Many married and mixed with the Mi’qmaq. Most were catholic and french speaking. They fished and farmed. Caught in the Middle Britain wanted to populate Nova Scotia with English settlers. They were worried the Acadians would side with the French in war even if they swore to the British Crown.

English Ultimatum “Acadians….you must swear your loyalty to the English Crown! Swear your loyalty or lose your land!” British General “ We do not want war. We wish to remain neutral and in peace!” Acadian Farmer

The Great Deportation The Governor of Nova Scotia Lawrence “The French inhabitants of the province shall be removed out of the country as soon as possible.” British soldiers attacked the Acadian villages and rounded them up at gunpoint. They broke up families and forced them to board ships bound for distant lands. They burned homes and churches. They destroyed farms and drove off animals. Most Acadians were deported to New England colonies. Some sent to the caribbean, France or England. Many made it to Louisiana. Most died of disease, drowning or starvation.

Quote from Colonel John Winslow British Army Office during the Deportation “The whole of French people were drawn together in a group. I then ordered Captain Adams to lead away the young men to the ships. I ordered the prisoners to march. They all answered they would not go without their fathers. I told them no was a word I didn’t understand. The King’s command had to be obeyed. I told them to use harsh means, but there was no time for talking and delay. I ordered the troops to fix their bayonets and march toward the french. Then started praying, singing and crying. Along the way the women and children were on their knees begging and crying!”

The Struggle for Canada Three pronged approach Louisbourg Ohio Valley Quebec

Louisbourg Spring 1758 Huge force of ships surrounded fort Starved them out French surrendered

Onward to Canada Without Louisbourg English could attack Quebec French General Montcalm 16 000 soldiers Stone fortress English General Wolfe 200 ships 9000 soldiers 18 000 sailors

Standoff on the Plains of Abraham French and British bombed each other for 9 weeks. Wolfe came up with plan. Take to the cliffs and surprise attack And waited just outside the city gates.

The Battle At the fort Montcalm had 6000 soldiers, including 300 Indian allies. The British had 4400 professional soldiers. Reinforcements hadn’t arrived to help the french. Montcalm had to decide..wait or fight. He fought and emerged. After 15 minutes of slaughter the French turned and fled. 1300 soldiers were dead and it was the bloodiest battle on Canadian soil.

French lose Quebec! British took over Quebec city Remaining French Soldiers fell back to Montreal First Nation allies didn’t want to fight. Sept 1760 French surrendered in Montreal. New France was now British territory.

First Nations and the War First Nations deeply involved France and Britain signed a treaty in 1763 and gave North America to Britain. Minewewh was a chief to the Ojibwa people. He told the British. “Although you have conquered the French, you have not conquered us. We are not your slaves. These lakes, woods, mountains were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none.”

Pontiac’s War Odawa chief Attacked British to get them out of Ohio Valley 1763 attacked Detroit Wanted French to help but already surrendered

The Treaty of Paris, 1763 Surrender of Montreal 1760 Ended conflict France gave up Quebec Kept Guadeloupe in the Caribbean and the French Island of St. Pierre and Miquelon

Options Eviction: Deport the Canadiens Assimilation: Pressure the Canadiens to give up language and religion and become British Accommodation: Leave them alone with their religion, language, customs

Royal Proclamation They did not want to evict Canadiens, however they did want to assimilate them. 1763 King George the III of England signed Royal Proclamation.

Terms of Royal Proclamation New France turns into province of Quebec. Quebec became smaller. The interior was set aside for First Nations. A system of British laws and courts replaced French system. Civil government replaced with military government. Government appointed by Britain. Catholic Church loses tithe (tax)

Royal Proclamation A Quote from King George III “There has been many frauds and abuses by taking lands away from the Indians. Many have been prejudice for our own interests and the Indians are not happy. In order therefore to prevent any injustices in the future that no one buy anymore lands from the Indians.” HOW DOES KING GEORGE III ENGAGE IN ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP? WHAT REASONS DOES THE KING GIVE FOR PROTECTING FIRST NATIONS LANDS?

Quebec Act of 1774 Attempts to turn Quebec into a colony with British identity fails. So they come up with the Quebec Act. Terms Quebec was expanded Many Native lands went back to Quebec French language rights recognized Seigneural system kept in place Catholics given freedom of religion French civil law Catholic church was able to tithe and hold property

The Beginning of a Bilingual Canada The Quebec Act expanded the size of the colony to include the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. This was prime fur trading country. What might the colonists in the Thirteen Colonies think about this?