The Formation of the Nation Chapter 20

I. The European Discovery V. The Canadian Nation IV. Self-Government and Confederation III. British Canada II. Early Colonization The Formation of the Nation

I. The European Discovery

1497 John Cabot 1497 John Cabot an Italian, an Italian, the first European explorer, five years after Columbus discovered America. the first European explorer, five years after Columbus discovered America. He claimed Newfoundland. He claimed Newfoundland.

II. Early Colonization 1535, Jacques Cartier 1535, Jacques Cartier a French navigator, sailed up the St. Lawrence River and founded the present-day city of Montreal. He did open the interior of Canada. a French navigator, sailed up the St. Lawrence River and founded the present-day city of Montreal. He did open the interior of Canada.

II. Early Colonization The king of France sent Samuel de Champlain to start a colony in Canada in the early 1600’s. The king of France sent Samuel de Champlain to start a colony in Canada in the early 1600’s. The actual settlement of New France began in 1604 at Port Royal in what is now Nova Scotia. The actual settlement of New France began in 1604 at Port Royal in what is now Nova Scotia. In 1610, Henry Hudson, the English explorer, found and gave his name to the huge bay in the center of Canada. In 1610, Henry Hudson, the English explorer, found and gave his name to the huge bay in the center of Canada.

II. Early Colonization In the late 1600’s and early 1700’s the French and British frequently fought over land and competed for the fur trade. In the late 1600’s and early 1700’s the French and British frequently fought over land and competed for the fur trade. By 1763, France had given up all of its claims to the land in North America. By 1763, France had given up all of its claims to the land in North America. Why was France finally defeated?

II. Early Colonization The French king, Louis XV, was too busy with wars with Prussia to bother much about the condition in Canada; Canada was known as “Land of Ice and Snow”.

Ⅲ. British Canada In 1774, the British passed the Quebec Act, which granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. The first English settlers were American Loyalists in the American War of Independence, who The first English settlers were American Loyalists in the American War of Independence, who refused to fight against refused to fight against the British army. the British army.

Ⅲ. British Canada In 1791 Britain divided the former colony of New France into two colonies, Lower Canada and Upper Canada. In1840, the upper and lower Canada were united in one province.

Three colonies Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in a Confederation, a federal union in Three colonies Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in a Confederation, a federal union in A dominion was made by the British North American Act in A dominion was made by the British North American Act in 1867.

Ⅳ. Self-Government and Confederation 1869 under the first prime minister Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought the vast middle west from the Hudson Bay Company under the first prime minister Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought the vast middle west from the Hudson Bay Company the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed and the country was linked from west coast to east coast the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed and the country was linked from west coast to east coast Canada grew rapidly, and settlers flowed to the plains by the Canadian Pacific Railway Canada grew rapidly, and settlers flowed to the plains by the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Ⅳ. Self-Government and Confederation hydroelectric plant and paper mills arose in central Canada hydroelectric plant and paper mills arose in central Canada. About foreign relations About foreign relations Laurier founded the Canadian Navy. Canada entered WWW Ⅰ and signed the Peace Treaty of 1919 in its own name and to take a seat as a member of the League of Nations. Laurier founded the Canadian Navy. Canada entered WWW Ⅰ and signed the Peace Treaty of 1919 in its own name and to take a seat as a member of the League of Nations.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation by the Statute of Westminster, the British Dominions bound together only by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since then, Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. * The British Dominions were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and “equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other”.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation After WW Ⅱ ( ) After WW Ⅱ ( ) Economically, Economically, T remendous development took place in industries and agriculture in Canada. T remendous development took place in industries and agriculture in Canada. Rich oil fields were found, uranium was mined, large deposits of iron ore were developed. Rich oil fields were found, uranium was mined, large deposits of iron ore were developed.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation International Status, 1945 Canada joined the United Nations 1945 Canada joined the United Nations 1949 Canada founded the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with the USA Canada founded the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with the USA.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation Politically, In 1982, a Constitutional Act ended British Control over amendments to Canada’s Constitution and the Act also included a new Bill of Rights. In 1982, a Constitutional Act ended British Control over amendments to Canada’s Constitution and the Act also included a new Bill of Rights.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation Quebec In 1608, Samuel de Champlain ，the French explorer, established his “habitation” in what is now Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada, which was called New France.

Quebec After the Seven Years’ War ( ), the French colony on the St. Lawrence was reorganized as the British province of Quebec the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation Quebec In June 1987, the Meech Lake Accord was approved which provided Quebec with the status of a “distinct society” and the right to preserve and promote that status.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation In the late half of the 20th century, emphasis was put on education and the development of science and technology. Canada has long been universally recognized as one of the 7 biggest economies in the capitalist world, and one of the most advanced and developed countries in the world.

Exercises: I. Fill in the following blanks: 1. The discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the __th century by a man named ______. 2. After the ______ war ( ), the french were forced to five up every inch of land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.

Exercises: 3. The __________Act of 1774 granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. 4. ________ founded the Canadian Navy and tried to increase Canada’s control over its foreign relations. 5. Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931 by the Statute of ______.

II. Explain the terms: 1. New France New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in Exercises:

2. John Macdonald As the first Prime Minister of Canada and the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, John Macdonald was the major proponent of a national railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, which was completed in 1885, linking Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. He won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views. Exercises:

3. Hudson's Bay Company As the oldest commercial corporation in North America and one of the oldest in the world, Hudson’s Bay Company was incorporated by British royal charter in 1670 as The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay. In the late 19th century, its vast territory became the largest component in the newly formed Dominion of Canada. Exercises:

4. The British North American Acts The term "British North America" (BNA) refers to the British colonies in North America. The British North American Acts were a series of Acts at the core of the constitution of Canada, enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Parliament of Canada from 1867 to In Canada, some of the Acts were amended or repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982; the rest were renamed the Constitution Acts. The term "British North America" (BNA) refers to the British colonies in North America. Exercises:

5. Edmonton Edmonton is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta, and the second largest city in the province after Calgary. It is the northernmost North American city with a metropolitan population of more than one million. Exercises:

III. Questions for discussion: 1.Who were the first British settlers in Canada? 2.What was the result of the Act of Union 1840? 3.When and how did French Canada start? What was the consequence of the Seven Years’ war between the British and the French?

Exercises: 4.What were the major economic achievements of Canada after World War Ⅱ ? 5. What efforts were made by the Canadian government in developing the country’s economy?

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