3.4 French and Indian War 1754-1763 Objective: Learn how Britain defeated France and her native allies. Understand how the conflict led to growing tension between Britain and her colonies.

TRUE OR FALSE The British Parliament passed the Sugar Act to reduce the colonies’ production of sugar. The Proclamation of 1763 was intended to keep Native Americans from settling in British territory. General Braddock’s victory at Ft. Duquesne set the stage for Britain’s invasion of Canada. William Pitt was Britain’s greatest general of the war. The French and Indian war lasted 5 years.

Beaver as Worker and Prey, from Chatelain's Carte Tres Curieuse de la Mer du Sud, Atlas Historique, vol. VI Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Beaver as Worker and Prey, from Chatelain's Carte Tres Curieuse de la Mer du Sud, Atlas Historique, vol. VI This French engraving illustrates beavers' environmental impact and Indian methods of hunting them for commercial purposes. (National Archives of Canada)

Map: European Claims in North America The dramatic results of the British victory in the Seven Years (French and Indian) War are vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Drills Identify characteristics of Spanish Colonies Identify characteristics of English Colonies Identify characteristics of French Colonies

COMPARE/CONTRAST SPAIN FRENCH(Dutch) ENGLAND Govt. supports colony Gold & God Plantations Conquer (Conquistadors/ Mestizos) Nominal Govt. support Trade Outposts/Forts Native Alliances Collaborative Private Corporations Settlements Colonies Punitive Conflict No mixing/ separation.destruction

Competition for the Ohio Fr, Marquette, SJ – 1st European to explore great lakes and Mississippi 1749, Virginia speculators in Ohio Company claim 500,000 acres in Ohio Valley 1754, George Washington, surveyor, leads 150 Virginia Militiamen to resists French movement on Ohio, esp. For Duquesne Washington loses Fort Necessity Seven Years War begins – global conflict “America was conquered in Germany.” William Pitt 1754 Albany Congress – seeks colonial unity, Indian alliances Union achieved in theory, not in fact

Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb Bingham Bingham's is the best known of the many prints and paintings depicting this singular moment in colonial westward expansion. (Washington University Art Gallery) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Conflict in Europe, Conflict in Americas France and Spain frequently ally against Britain France allies with Native Americans, guerrilla style conflict in New World King William’s War, 1689-1697 Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 Britain extends control, Treaty of Utrecht 1713 King George’s War, 1744-1748 French and Indian War, 1754-1763 Note: Acadians

Fort Necessity, May 1754 (reconstruction) http://www2.uiuc.edu/unit/armyrotc/program/mils123/necessity/fort.bmp

Map: The Seven Years War in America After experiencing major defeats early in the war, Anglo-American forces turned the tide against the French by taking Fort Duquesne in late 1757 and Louisbourg in 1758. After Canada fell in 1760, the fighting shifted to Spain's Caribbean colonies. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

BRADDOCK ROAD http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/george-washington-l.jpg http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/braddock-map-l.jpg http://reenacting.net/images/graphics/braddock2.jpg

Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) http://www.republiquelibre.org/cousture/images6/PONTIAC1.JPG http://www.hsp.org/files/fortduquesnewatercolor.jpg

Braddock’s Defeat 1755 Gen. Braddock, 2,000 men march on Fort Duquesne Mix of colonial militia and Regulars Braddock’s slow moving forces decimated by French and Indian forces, flanking Frontier goes up in flames, Indian raiding parties move uncontested Britian’s invasion of Canada, 1756, fails http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/braddock-no-1-map.jpg

Franklin’s Cartoon, Pennsylvania Gazette

William Pitt 1757, Pitt becomes leader in Parliament 1758, Pitt organizes attacks on Montreal & Quebec, Louisbourg 1758 Fort Duquesne falls, renamed Pittsburgh Pitt puts James Wolfe in charge of taking Quebec Montcalm defends Quebec for France 1759 Quebec falls, Wolfe and Montcalm killed Battle for Quebec is one of most significant engagements in British and American history Montreal falls 1760 http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/pitt3.jpg

Map: The Seven Years War in America After experiencing major defeats early in the war, Anglo-American forces turned the tide against the French by taking Fort Duquesne in late 1757 and Louisbourg in 1758. After Canada fell in 1760, the fighting shifted to Spain's Caribbean colonies. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Fall of Quebec, 1759 Battle on the Plains of Abraham http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/wm/wm8.html

http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm

Peace? Line of Demarcation 1763 France thrown off continent entirely Spain given possession of New Orleans and trans-Mississippi Louisiana Spain loses Florida, regains Cuba Great Britain dominant in North America and at sea Friction growing b/w Britain and Colonials Growing smuggling Colonies fail to unite Pontiac’s Uprising – Increasing tension with N. Americans Cost of War leads to increasing friction with Britain

Map: European Settlements and Indians, 1754 Indian tribes 1750 http://www.sbg.ac.at/ges/people/wagnleitner/usa1/slide/early_settlements_1750.jpg

Pontiac’s Uprising http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pontiac%27s_war.png

Colonies and Britain Grow Apart Line of Demarcation inhibits movement west!!! This angers Colonials greatly. 10,000 British troops stationed in colony Quartering of troops angers colonists Cost of troops in Colonies heavy burden for Great Britain George Grenville becomes Prime Minister in 1763 Conflict over Smuggling and Searches of Private Property 1764 Sugar Act Seeds of Rebellion

Sugar Act WHO: Passed by George Grenville, British Prime Minister WHAT: Halved duties on molasses (to discourage smuggling) Created new duties on imports (to raise more $) Smuggling cases now to be heard in British Admiralty Courts, not colonial courts with colonial juries WHEN: 1764 WHERE: British Colonies WHY: Britain needed money to pay her huge debt from the French and Indian War and on-going cost of protecting the Frontier.

CONFLICT IN THE OHIO VALLEY PEACE? 1763

CONFLICT IN THE OHIO VALLEY Braddock defeated Wash. defeated Pitt takes charge Quebec falls Ft. Duquesne falls Montreal falls PEACE? 1763 France leaves Am. FL now British