STATES Political units with sovereignty (not nations)

Exercise of power over people and territory. Boundaries recognized by other states. Sovereignty

State territoriality (“patriotism”) Place identity based on political unit “I am an American.”“I am a Nigerian.” (Civil wars)

NATION A cultural group with a territorial identity: a sense of a “homeland ” Over 5,000 ethnic “nations” cannot all become states, yet many are large enough to survive (larger than some states).

Basques in Spain/FranceQuébecois in Canada Ethnic territoriality (“nationalism”) Place identity based on ethnicity

NATION-STATE State with one nation (none “pure” but some close) Nearly all states multiethnic (more than one nation)

Nation-States and Multiethnic States

National Congruence Desire for state boundaries to match ethnic boundaries * If majority does not want minority * If minority wants self-determination Boundaries of Albania in different eras

Religious Territoriality States defined by religion Iran Vatican City Israel SaudiArabia VaticanCity

Racial Territoriality States defined by race South Africa’s White and Black areas under Apartheid (racial separation) White supremacist map for a racial partition of the U.S.

Core group States are constructed around a dominant ethnic, racial or religious group English in U.K. Whites in U.S. Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia

Majority nationalism Equating “patriotism” with “nationalism” German skinheads attack Turks KKK rally against immigrants, 1925 Hindu mobs attack Indian Muslim neighborhood State usually represents core group, but also needs loyal minorities English attack immigrants

Minority nationalism For “self-determination” (ability to rule own lands) Reaction to majority nationalism? LithuaniaEast Timor Puerto Rico

Irredentism Joining ethnic minority with a country where they are majority Germany annexes ethnic German region of Czechoslovakia, 1938

Secession Separation from state (independence) French-speakers are minority in Canada, but majority in Quebec.

Failed secession of Quebec Most French-speakers (blue) voted for independence of Quebec from Canada, Quebec minorities (English-speakers, Native peoples, and immigrants) voted “No” Cree Inuit English

State response: Coercion Ethnocide (forced assimilation) Hungarian sign defaced in Romania. Turks forced to Change names in Bulgaria. Genocide (extermination) 800,000 Tutsis killed in Rwanda, Also can be in Core (Germany 1940s)

South African Apartheid (racial separation),

South African Black Homelands 76% of population given 13% of land; denied citizenship in rest (ethnocide) “Bantustans” forced on Blacks

State response: Unitary system Central government holds power; No autonomy for ethnic minorities

State response: Autonomy Ethnic minorities can rule themselves in special regions within the state Autonomous regions of Spain. Flag of Catalonia alongside Spain and EU flags China settling ethnic Chinese in “autonomous” regions

Indian Reservations (autonomy)

Inuit (Eskimo) territory of Nunavut Canada 1999

State response: Ethnic Federalism Territorial units represent different ethnic groups Other large multiethnic federations have failed (Yugoslavia, USSR) Languages and states of India

Confederalism Devolution (transfer) of most power from central government to regions Confederacy declared, “States’ Rights” after Civil War ended in Bosnia after civil war ended in 1995, divided into strong Serb and Muslim-Croat regions

Six republics of Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia (Catholic) Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia (Orthodox) Bosnia (Muslim) Kosovo (Muslim part of Serbia)

Yugoslavia break-up, 1990s Ethnic Serbs (outside Serbia) for irredentism Bosnians, Kosovars for secession

Ethnic cleansing Forced removal of an ethnic group Serbs expelled from Krajina (Croatia), 1995 Albanians expelled from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999 To make area ethnically “pure”

Former Yugoslavia Today Slovenia 1990 Croatia 1991 Bosnia 1992 Macedonia 1992 Serbia & Montenegro (remained “Yugoslavia” until 2003) Kosovo 1999 (officially part of Serbia)

Soviet Union (USSR) ethnic groups

Dominant (titular) groups in 15 Soviet republics All had minorities 14 republics outside Russia had Russian minority

Breakup of Soviet Union into 15 states, 1991

Ethnic Russians left outside Russia Fears that Russian irredentism would lead to war But ethnic territoriality not so strong

Ethnic minority regions in the new Russia Russians fear one secession would spread to all

Ethnic groups in Southern Russia and the Caucasus Chechens fight for secession from Russia Armenians fight Azerbaijan (irredentism)

Russians flatten Grozny, capital of Chechnya, 2000 Russia attacks Chechen Muslims (state territoriality)

Why ethnic conflict? Because difference naturally cause conflict? But difference does not always cause conflict Conflicts also erupt between similar peoples

Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants) Same race, language Different religion (and ethnic group? class?) Protestant majority for staying in U.K. Catholic minority for joining Ireland. Loyalist (Protestant) and Republican (Catholic) murals in Belfast

Rwanda (Hutus vs. Tutsis) Same race, language, religion Different ethnic group; one favored by colonialists Genocide against Tutsi minority, 1994

Bosnia (Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats) Same race, spoken language Different religion, script, “ethnic” group Intermarried, cooperated, 1950s-80s; At war 1990s Muslim and Serb refugees From Sarajevo

Somalia Same race, language, religion, and ethnic group ! Yet 1990s civil war between clan militias

Contending theories Ethnic hatred is always there; politics can keep a “lid” on it Croatian and Serbian leaders stoke ethnic hatred after 1989 Ethnic hatred is a tool used for political and economic power Communism collapses in Eastern Europe, 1989 Bosnia partition plan

Ethnic conflict as a tool to… Mask economic hierarchy. Divert majority citizens from economic crisis. Prevent poor of different ethnic groups from uniting.