Copyright ©2010 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Monti, M. M., Laureys S., Owen, M.A. BMJ 2010;341:c3765 Flow chart of cerebral insult and coma. Adapted from.

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Copyright ©2010 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Monti, M. M., Laureys S., Owen, M.A. BMJ 2010;341:c3765 Flow chart of cerebral insult and coma. Adapted from Laureys et al, Lancet Neurology 2004

Copyright ©2010 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Monti, M. M., Laureys S., Owen, M.A. BMJ 2010;341:c3765 The ability of novel brain imaging technologies to covertly detect signs of consciousness can contribute to correctly diagnosing the vegetative state

Copyright ©2010 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Consciousness and motor behaviour characteristics in patients with disorders of consciousness and locked-in syndrome ConditionConsciousnessMotor behaviour characteristics Sleep-wake cyclesAwareness ComaNo No purposeful behaviour Vegetative stateYesNoNo purposeful behaviour Minimally conscious stateYesPartial, fluctuatingInconsistent but reproducible purposeful behaviour Locked-in syndromeYes Yes, but limited to eye movements (depending on lesion) Monti, M. M., Laureys S., Owen, M.A. BMJ 2010;341:c3765

Copyright ©2010 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Differential diagnosis in severe brain injury survivors ConditionDefinitionMain clinical characteristics ComaUnarousable state of unresponsiveness Absence of eye opening (even after intense stimulation)No evidence of awareness of the self or environment Condition protracted for more than one hour Vegetative stateWakefulness accompanied by the absence of any sign of awareness Presence of eye opening and closing Absence of any reproducible purposeful behaviour including (a) no evidence of non-response to sensory stimulation; (b) no evidence of awareness of self or environment; (c) no evidence of language comprehension or expression Minimally conscious state Wakefulness accompanied by inconsistent but reproducible signs of awareness Presence of eye opening and closing Presence of inconsistent but reproducible purposeful behaviour including (any of) (a) non-reflexive response to sensory stimulation; (b) awareness of the self or the environment; (c) language comprehension or expression Lack of functional communication or object use Locked-in syndromeImpairment in the production of voluntary motor behaviour Presence of eye-coded communication Preserved awareness Complete or partial inability to produce motor behaviour Monti, M. M., Laureys S., Owen, M.A. BMJ 2010;341:c3765