Dr. Nelly Gang Emergency Department Sheba Medical Center.

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Presentation transcript:

Dr. Nelly Gang Emergency Department Sheba Medical Center

הצגת מקרה מדובר באישה כבת 45, אלמונית, שנמצאה בבית מעבידיה מחוסרת הכרה, שרועה באמבטיה עם פלג גופה תחתון חשוף, סימני דם בין ירכיה ועדות ל-VF במוניטור. עברה החייאה מלאה שכללה מכות חשמל והנשמה עם חזרה של הדופק. הובאה למיון במצב של חוסר הכרה, GCS-3, מונשמת, ל.ד. 60\, קצב סינוס 90, אישונים מורחבים ואינם מגיבים, ללא תגובה לכאב. יש לציין שהנ"ל לא קיבלה חומרי הרדמה או אטרופין במהלך ההחייאה. ברקע – אין שום מידע רפואי

אבחנה מבדלת מאורע קארדיוואסקולרי: מאורע איסכמי חריף, טמפונדה, PE הפרעה מטבולית: הפרעה אלקטרוליטרית, תרופות חבלה: דימום הפרעה מרכזית: דימום, CVA, SOL עם הרניאציה, זיהום.

Definition It is a state of reduced alertness and responsiveness from which the patient cannot be aroused Consciousness = Awareness and Arousal Regulated by cortical areas within the cerebral hemispheres Maintained by Reticular activating System (RAS)

Glasgow coma scale (GCS)

Eye opening 4Spontaneous 3 To voice 2 To pain 1None Verbal response 5Oriented 4Confused 3 Inappropriate words 2 Incomprehensible words 1None Motor response 6 Obeys commands 5 Localizes pain 4 Withdraws from pain 3 Flexion (decorticate) 2 Extension (decerebrate) 1None

Scoring guide 3 Minimum score 15 Maximum score 13 or higher Mild brain injury 9 to 12 Moderate brain injury 8 or lower Severe brain injury

GCS (cont.) Advantages: a simple scoring system assessment of separate assessment of separate verbal, motor, and verbal, motor, and eye-opening function eye-opening function Disadvantages: lack of acknowledgement of hemiparesis or the of hemiparesis or the focal motor signs focal motor signs lack of testing of higher lack of testing of higher cognitive function cognitive function

Pathophysiology Deficiency of substrates needed for neuronal function (hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypoxia) The presence of certain substances that disrupt the functioning of neurons (drugs, alcohol, ammonia, ketons, CO2) Electrical derangements caused by seizures Primary CNS causes: hemorrhage, SOL, infection. The function of either the brainstem and/or both must be impaired for unresponsiveness

Pathophysiology of altered mental status Altered mental status Differential diagnosis Structural Toxic/Metabolic Intoxication Substrate Deficiencies Glucose Oxygen Psychogenic Environmental Hypothermia Hyperthermia Traumatic Atraumatic

Causes of Coma InfectionToxicMetabolicHypoxemiaHypercarbiaCerebrovascularCNSPsychiatric

Traumatic Causes of Coma Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma Intraparenchymal hematoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Diffuse axonal injury

Intacerebral pressure (ICP) Maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure (CCP) = MAP-ICP Monro-Kellie principle: volume within the skull is fixed and contains three components: brain, blood, CSF Increase in the amount (cerebral edema, hematoma, hydrocephalus) or the addition (tumor) results in increased ICP.

Herniation syndromes Result from increased ICP Lead to brainstem compression Hypertension, bradycardia, respiratory irregularities (Cushing triad) Uncal, central, cerebellar ICP↑ result from SOL (tumor, hematoma), trauma, infection, severe metabolic derangement

Uncal herniation syndrome Medial temporal lobe shifts to compress the upper brainstem → progressive drowsiness → unresponsiveness Ipsilateral pupil dilatation, loss of extraocular movements (III cranial n.) Ipsilateral hemiparesis

Decorticate: –Extension of lower ext., flexion of the upper ext. –The lesion is above the midbrain –Better prognosis than decerebration Decerebrate: –Extension of both lower and upper ext. –The lesion is at level of midbrain or diencephalon

Approach to the Patient With Coma Primary survey Immediate interventions Diagnostic studies Supportive care Secondary survey

Approach to the Patient With Coma (cont’) Approach to the Patient With Coma (cont’) ABC’s Intravenous access, oxygen therapy Accu-check / glucose / thiamine Cardiac monitoring with pulse oximetry Cervical spine precautions NaloxoneIntubation?

Approach to the Patient With Coma (cont’) History: –Trauma –Drug use –Medical history: seizures, diabetes, cirrhosis, depression –Precomatose activity and behavior: headache, confusion, vomiting –Sudden versus gradual onset of coma

Approach to the Patient With Coma (cont’) Focused physical examination: – systemic trauma, drug use. Evidence of trauma elsewhere on the body is presumptive of head trauma in the comatose patient. Evidence of trauma elsewhere on the body is presumptive of head trauma in the comatose patient.

Systemic Trauma “Raccoon eyes” “Battle’s sign” Hemotympanum CSF rhinorrhea/ otorrhea Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Approach to the Patient With Coma (cont’) Neurological examination : –Level of consciousness: GCS –Cranial nerve examination (pupillary response) – level of brainstem dysf. Pupillary abnormalities (CN II afferent, CN III efferent) (especially unilateral) – early indicator of herniation. –Large unresponsive pupils – brain death, antycholinergics –“Pin point” pupils – Pons, opiates –Corneal: V afferent, VII efferent -pons –GAG: IX, X -medulla

Approach to the Patient With Coma (cont’) Motor examination: –Presence of movement, asymmetry. Are they involuntary, reflexive, purposeful. (noxious stimulation) –Purposeful: localization –Reflexive: stereotypical responses, occur in the absence of cortical input –Decerebrate posturing, decorticate posturing

Diagnostic Studies in the Coma Patient EKG / cardiac monitoring ABG with carboxyhemoglobin CBC, electrolytes, Ca, Mg Drug screen, ETOH Urinalysis Radiologic studies : CT Brain / MRI Brain (hemorrhage, SOL, cerebral edema) Consider LP (if no ICP↑), liver, thyroid and adrenal studies EEG

הצגת מקרה (המשך) בבדיקה פיזיקאלית: מחוסרת הכרה, מונשמת עם אישונים מורחבים ואינם מגיבים, ללא תגובה לכאב, ללא תגובה לקריאת שמה, ללא תנועות כלשהן, טונוס שרירים ירוד, ל.ד. ירוד, ללא ריח של אלכוהול או אצטון, חום סיסטמי תקין, קולות לב סדירים, כניסת אויר שווה וטובה לשתי הראות, ללא סימני חבלה על פני הראש והגוף, שרידי דימום בין ירכיה

הצגת מקרה (המשך) גלוקוז – 300 א.ק.ג. – סינוס תאכיקרדיה, ללא עדות למאורע איסכמי חריף. QT בגדר הנורמה צ.חזה – ציור אינטרסטיציאלי מעט מוגבר אקו לב – תפקוד טוב של חדרי הלב, ללא נוזל פריקרדיאלי, ללא היפוקינזיה, ללא עדות להרחבה של חדר ימין מעבדה –ללא הפרעה אלקטרוליטארית, בדיקה טוקסיקולוגית – ללא נוכחות של טריציקליים, פנוטיאזידים. βHCG שלילי בשתן

הצגת מקרה (המשך) סונאר בטן – ללא רחם. מלאות בשלפוחית השתן – יתכן המטומה מאורגנת. בהכנסת קטטר – ליטר של שתן דמי. בבדיקה גניקולוגית – עדות לקיום יחסי מין לאחרונה, ללא עדות ברורה לאונס. CT מוח – דימום אינטרצרברלי נרחב הפורץ לחדרים, כנראה ספונטני

הצגת מקרה (המשך) תחת טיפול בנוזלים ואמינים – התייצבות של ל.ד. על 110\ מכיוון שנמצאה ב-GCS 3 מזה לפחות שעתיים – הוחלט לא להתערב ניורוכירורגית כעבור יומיים נקבע מוות מוחי ומשפחתה תרמה את כליותיה.

Pitfalls in the Management of Patients with Altered Mental Status Assuming ETOH is responsible Not considering hypoglycemia Failure to consider C-spine injury Nonaggressive airway management Inadequate exam Not recognizing toxidromes Delays in imaging the brain