Principles of Speed & Agility Development Certificate IV Fitness Strength & Conditioning 2010

Speed & Agility  Speed – the ability to achieve high velocity  Agility - the ability to explosively brake, change direction, and accelerate again; involves greater involvement of deceleration and the ability to reactively couple it w/ acceleration; requires rapid, efficient eccentric/concentric switching  Speed is the result of applying explosive force to a specific movement or technique.  The ability to change direction and speed is more important than simply achieving or maintaining high velocity

What is sprinting?  Short-duration, high-intensity activities at distances of no more than  200 meters for swimming  800 meters for running  1 kilometer for bicycling  1500 meters for speed skating  Relies heavily on energy produced from ATP-PC system and anaerobic glycolysis

Flexibility and speed  Lack of flexibility at specific joints may limit sprinting performance while increased flexibility may improve performance.

Improving sprint running performance  During start and acceleration:  Resistance training  During high velocity phase:  Increase length of the stride  Shorten ground contact time

Improving sprint running performance (cont.)  Improve technique by  Using high knee lift  Using long running stride  Placing feet beneath center of gravity  Methods for improving sprint running:  Sprint-resisted training  Sprint-assisted training

Sprint-resisted and sprint-assisted training Method Sprint-Resisted Training 1.Weighted-vest running 2. Sand running 3. Resisted-towing (parachute or rubber cord, etc.) Sport Requirements Most appropriate for sports that require vertical movements as opposed to horizontal movements Best applied to sports that demand rapid bouts of acceleration and multi-directional movements May be useful for rehabilitation of lower-limb injuries Appropriate for sports that involve change of direction and forceful acceleration Factors Affected Improved force production Improved strength Improved stabilization Improved acceleration Increased force throughout acceleration continued

Sprint-resisted and sprint-assisted training Method Sprint-Resisted Training 1.Weighted-vest running 2. Sand running 3. Resisted-towing (parachute or rubber cord, etc.) Prescription Add 3-8% of body weight with vest Can be used during any phase of training Used in conjunction with resistance and technique training Precautions Athletes should have resistance training experience and advanced vertical power capabilities Should be contrasted to normal running conditions Athletes should have proper technique and experience in resistance training continued

Sprint-resisted and sprint-assisted training Method Sprint-Assisted Training 1.Assisted-towing (motorized towing device, rubber cord, or rocket rope, etc.) 2. Downhill running 3. High-speed treadmill running Sport Requirements Factors Affected Useful for activities that require the maintenance of maximal velocity for over 40 meters Most appropriate for events that involve downhill running Used for high-velocity injuries Most useful for linear activities May be useful for rehabilitating hamstring injuries Reduced ground contact time May increase stride length Possibly improved running technique and efficiency Improved stretch-shortening cycle Improved running velocity Improved running form Improved running technique at high velocities Increased hamstrings conditioning continued

Sprint-resisted and sprint-assisted training Method Sprint-Assisted Training 2. Downhill running 3. High-speed treadmill running PrescriptionPrecautions 1.Assisted-towing (motorized towing device, rubber cord, or rocket rope, etc.) Running at % of maximal unassisted velocity Often used in season Declines not to exceed a 3% grade Used in conjunction with resistance training Athletes must have expert technique, high-speed running experience, and a resistance training background Athletes should have expert technique and resistance training experience Should be used only short term to reduce potential of decreasing rear leg thrust Required substantial eccentric strength Athletes must be experienced with high-velocity running and resistance training Should only be used short term

Speed Development Techniques (cont.)  Resisted Sprinting – uses resistance to improve speed strength and stride length; the applied overload is applied without arresting the athlete’s running mechanics  A 10% or greater change in external resistance has a detrimental effect on movement kinetics, kinematics and technique  In order to prevent the athlete from attempting to “muscle through” the attempting to “muscle through” the drill (which can result in technique drill (which can result in technique changes), the strength professional changes), the strength professional should emphasize explosive arm and should emphasize explosive arm and knee punching action and explosive leg knee punching action and explosive leg drive off the ground drive off the ground

Running Speed  Sprinting is a series of ballistic strides in which the body is repeatedly launched forward as a projectile  Running Speed – the interaction between Stride Frequency & Stride Length  As running speed approaches max, frequency changes more than length  Stride Length – related to limb length and body height; also related to impulse (FT) generated at ground strike  Stride Frequency – has the greatest influence on max velocity and is more trainable vs. stride length  As stride frequency increases, ground contact time decreases; highly dependent on the ability to produce explosive ground reaction force  If stride length is accentuated, running mechanics may be negatively affected as optimal position at ground contact may not be attained  Explosive contralateral arm action serves to counteract angular momentum produced by leg movement, and is driven by neuromuscular innervation patterns

Novice vs. Elite Sprinter Novice SprinterElite Sprinter Stride Length (SL)Achieved max SL at about 27 yds Achieve greater SL and have the ability to continue increasing SL up to ~50 yds Stride Frequency (SF)Achieve max SF at ~ yds Achieve greater SF & continue increasing SL up to ~ 27 yds

Agility  Agility places greater emphasis on deceleration and coupled acceleration as compared to linear sprinting  Closed or Programmed Agility – optimization of motor stereotype or technique; test is pre- programmed and known to the athlete i.e. T-test, Hexagon Test, Edgren Side Step Test i.e. T-test, Hexagon Test, Edgren Side Step Test  Open or Non-programmed Agility – reaction and adaptation of a trained motor pattern to new or unforeseen situations; “Read & React” drills

Short Suicide ( Cones At 0, 5, 10 Yards ) Start/Finish Mark off 10 yards, with cones at 0, 5, and 10 yards X Drill ( 10 Yard Box ) Start/Finish 1) Sprint, Sprint, Sprint, Sprint