A. Definition B. Why? C. Basic Design Circulation I. Introduction

Fluid, vessels, and a pump Figure 42.6

A. Gastrovascular Cavity II. Strategies

Cnidarians and Platyhelminthes Thin bodied with one opening Waste is mixed with nutrients Figure 42.2

B. Water Vascular

Echinoderms= Tube feet pull in water to an internal ampulla which communicates with a ring canal to transport water, nutrients, and waste throughout the ring and body. Drainage is out an opening, called the madreporite, on the aboral side.

C. Open System

Arthropods and some Mollusks fluid, hemolymph, through a muscular pump, sinuses, and ostia back into the tubular hearts. Figure 42.3

D. Closed System

Annelids, Mollusks (squids and octopuses), and Vertebrates blood, muscular pump, and vessels, and back to the heart Figure 42.3

A. Heart III. Vertebrate Design 1. Structure a. Strategies

Depends on the habitat and demands Figure 42.4

Crocodilians

b. Histology

internal endocardium, middle myocardium, and the external (visceral and parietal = pericardium) epicardium

2. Function a. Valves & Flow

Valvestricuspid & bicuspid and pulmonary & aortic semilunar Papillary muscles and Chordae Tendinae

Valves prevent backflow Figure 42.7

b. Cardiac Cycle

cardiac cycle == systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) Figure 42.8

c. Cardiac Control

i. Internal input ii. External input endocrine system, nervous system, blood pressure, and ion concentrations (Na, Ca, and K) Figure 42.9

B. Vessels 1. Structure a. Histology b. Types

Vessels are multi layered (intima, media, and externa (adventia) Figure 42.10

Vessels are multi layered (intima, media, and externa (adventia)

2. Function a. Forces

Blood pressure == force against the wall Figure systole and diastole Figure 42.14

b. Control

Name the forces which can be involved in regulating blood pressure in blood vessels? Blood Volume or Viscosity Cardiac Output Peripheral Resistance Ion Blood Concentrations Hormones

C. Blood 1. Plasma Component

Plasma ==55% of total Figure What is found in the plasma?

2. Cellular Elements

Cellular elements == 45% What cells? Figure 42.15

Figure Blood smear

Figure White Blood Cell

Figure Blood Clotting Figure 42.18

Figure Blood Clotting

D. Lymphatic System 1. Components

The lymphatic system == Lymph, vessels, and filters Figure 43.7

2. Function

Vessels capture lost blood fluid and Figure 43.7

and Nodes filter the lymph to remove material. Figure 43.7

Effect usually equals effort.