The Empire’s coming home: Liberalism, Exclusion and the Punitiveness of the British State British Society of Criminology Annual Conference University of Liverpool July 2014 J.M. Moore

The “New Punitiveness” Increased Imprisonment –More people –For longer Increased surveillance and supervision Reduced tolerance Targeting of working class and black and minority ethnic communities Criminal Justice -v- Welfare Solutions

Histories of Punishment Civilising From Physical to Carceal –‘Instead of losing a hand, imprisonment for ten years’. (Christie 2000:46) Alternatives to imprisonment Decline of the prison Rise of Welfare

The Lost Empire: Colonial Omissions from Penal Histories Mutiny and brutal repression Criminal Tribes Act Godna, fingerprinting and bertilage Prison and Slavery Further Mutiny and more brutal repression Genocide, torture, rape, concentration camps

Mills Liberalism: ‘ Inclusionary discipline’ I regard it as required by first principles, that the receipt of parish relief should be a peremptory disqualification for the franchise. (Mill 1997b:472) If it is asserted that all persons ought to be equal in every description of right recognised by society, I answer, not until all are equal in worth as human beings……a person who cannot read, is not as good, for the purpose of human life, as one who can. (Mill 1997c:323)

Mills Liberalism: the homogeneous race “Among a people without fellow- feeling, especially if they read and speak different languages, the united public opinion, necessary to the workings of representative government, cannot exist” Mill 1977b:547

Mills Liberalism: ‘exclusionary exceptions’ “Despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with Barbarians, providing the end be their improvement, and the means justified by actually effecting that end.” Mill 1977a:224

From – criminality and crime control, – rights and responsibilities, – inclusion and exclusion, To – race, – terror, – religion, – culture – and immigration