Renewable Energy Systems

ECE 333 Teaching Staff Professor Tom Overbye, who will be giving the lectures in the Tuesday/Thursday Section Lecturing TA Kate Rogers, who will be giving the lectures in the MWF Section Grading TA Sudipta Dutta Office hours are as given in the syllabus

About Prof. Tom Overbye Professional – Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University of Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91) – Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility (Madison Gas & Electric) – Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and doing research in the area of electric power systems; third time teaching ECE 333 – Developed commercial power system analysis package, known now as PowerWorld Simulator. This package has been sold to about 500 different corporate entities worldwide – DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout

About Prof. Tom Overbye Nonprofessional – Married to Jo – Have three children Tim age 15 Hannah age 13 Amanda age 11 – Live in country by Homer – Like to bike to work (at least part of the way) – Teach 2 nd /3 rd Grade Sunday School class at First Baptist Church

My Kids

About Kate Professional – University of Texas (Austin) for undergrad – University of Illinois (UIUC) for grad school – IEEE-PES, HKN, Tau Beta Pi – Research is in power systems – Was TA for ECE 333 Twice Before

About Kate Nonprofessional – Volunteer Firefighting (in Houston) – SCUBA diving – Running marathons (4) – Went skydiving once – HAM radio

Green Electric Energy Systems Focus of course is on electric energy sources that are sustainable (won’t diminish over time) excluding large-scale hydro – Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the sources – These resources may be large-scale or may be distributed – Courses does not cover nuclear – Course does not cover biological resources (at least not in-depth) – Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly be covering the ethical, policy and current events as well. Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210

ECE 333 Syllabus Introduction, fundamentals of electric power Electric Power Grid, Conventional Generation Wind Power Systems Wind/Grid Integration, Introduction to Power Flow Distributed Generation Technologies Economics of Distributed Resources Energy Storage including Electric/Pluggable Hybrid Cars The Solar Resource Photovoltaic Materials and Systems Smart Grid Integration Issues

Notation - Power Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy Power Units Watts = voltage x current for dc (W) kW –1 x 10 3 Watt MW – 1 x 10 6 Watt GW–1 x 10 9 Watt Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900 GW ( about 3 kW per person) Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

Notation - Energy Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system Energy Units – Joule= 1 Watt-second (J) – kWh= Kilowatthour (3.6 x 10 6 J) – Btu= 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu – One gallon of gas has about MBtu (36.5 kWh); one gallon ethanol as about Mbtu (2/3 that of gas) U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

North America Interconnections

Electric Transmission System

Electric Systems in Energy Context Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used About 40% of US energy is transported in electric form, a percentage that is gradually increasing Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

Sources of Energy - US Source: EIA Energy Outlook 2009 (Early Release), Table 1, 2008 Data CO2 Emissions (millions of metric tons, and per quad) Petroleum: 2598, 64.0 Natural Gas: 1198,53.0 Coal: 2115, 92.3 About 86% Fossil Fuels 1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual) 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency)

Electric Generation by Fuel/State Source: 2006 EIA Data, Slide by Kate Rogers

Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption Energy in Quad Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook, 2010 Data says we will be 81% Fossil in 2035!!

Wind is the Major Electric Renewable Growth Area Right Now Source: EIA Energy Consumption by Energy Source, July Data: Total: 94.5 Coal: 19.7 NG:23.3 Petro:35.3 Nuc.:8.35 Bio:3.88 Geo:0.36 Hydro:2.68 Wind:0.70 Solar:0.11

Growth in US Wind Power Capacity Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2 nd Qtr, 2010 The quick development time for wind of 6 months to a year means that changes in federal tax incentives can have an almost immediate impact on construction

The World The total world-wide energy consumption was 472 quad (2006), a growth of about 19% from 2000 values A breakdown of this value by fuel source is quad (36.3%) from petroleum, (27.0%) from coal, (22.9%) from natural gas, 29.7 (6.3%) from hydroelectric, 27.8 (5.9%) from nuclear, 4.7 (1.0%) other used as electric power, 2.8 (0.6%) other not used as electric power World-wide total is 86.2% fossil-fuel, and (currently) less than 1.0% in the focus area of this class

The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2006 Data USA – 99.9 China – 73.8 Russia – 30.4 Japan – 22.8 India – 17.7 Germany – 14.6 Canada – 14.0 France – 11.4 UK – 9.8 Brazil – 9.6 World total is 472; Average per 100 Million people is about If world used US average total consumption would be about 2148 quad! Source: US DOE EIA

Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2006 data) Iceland:568.6Norway:410.8 Kuwait:469.8Canada:427.2 USA:334.6Australia:276.9 Russia:213.9France:180.7 Japan:178.7Germany:177.5 UK:161.7S. Africa:117.2 China: 56.2Brazil: 51.2 Indonesia: 17.9India: 15.9 Pakistan: 14.2Nigeria: 7.8 Malawi: 1.9Afghanistan: 0.6 Source

Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising Source: Value was about 280 ppm in 1800, 389 in 2010 Rate of increase is about 2 ppm per year

As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years Source: / Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean

Monthly Worldwide Temp. Data, Last 40 Years (Celsius, Deviation)

How Data is “Averaged” Impacts How It is Perceived This is a two year (24 month) running average over the last 40 years

How Data is “Averaged” Impacts How It is Perceived This is a four year (48 month) running average of the same data (except starting in 1973)

Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate Source: /

U.S Annual Average Temperature Source:

Annual Temperatures for Illinois Source :

But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends Estimated surface temperature in Sargassso Sea (located in North Atlantic) Europe was clearly warmer in 1000AD; whether this was true world- wide is not known Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007

Going Back a Few More Years

And a Few More

Millions and Tens of Millions

34 Eventual Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization Level Depends Upon CO2 Emissions Regardless of what we do in the short-term the CO2 levels in the atmosphere will continue to increase. The eventual stabilization levels depend upon how quickly CO2 emissions are curtailed. Emissions from electricity production are currently about 40% of the total

And Where Might Temps Go? Note that the models show rate of increase values of between 0.2 to 0.5 C per decade. The rate from 1975 to 2005 was about 0.2 C per decade.

World Population Trends Country % Japan Germany Russia USA China India World Source: values in millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

Energy Economics Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices) Coal, wind, hydro are in between Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricity Potential carbon “tax” major uncertainty

Ball park Energy Costs Source:

Natural Gas Prices 1990’s to 2010 Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price

Coal Prices have Fallen Substantially from Two Years Ago Source: Prices are on the order of $1 to $2 per Mbtu