January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-1 ECEU692 Subsurface Imaging Course Notes Part 1: Introduction to SSI Profs. Brooks and DiMarzio Northeastern University Spring 2004

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-2 Lecture 1 Overview Administrivia –Syllabus and Contact Information –Course Requirements –Web Page and list –Presentation Material Introduction to Subsurface Imaging

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-3 Course and Contact Information Course Website – Instructors –Dana Brooks Phone –Chuck DiMarzio Phone

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-4 Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Some Examples Some Technologies NSF Center; CenSSIS at NU Taxonomies and Architectures of the Field Literature

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-5 Some SSI Examples Landmine Detection Tunnel and Bunker Detection Excavation Planning Luggage Screening Ocean Imaging Breast Tumor Detection and Classification Stroke Differentiation Functional Brain Imaging Cardiac Imaging Retinal Imaging Vulnerable Plaque in Coronary Artery Fetal Imaging

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-6 Model Subsurface Problems Problem Geometry –A* Looking through one material to see another which is below it. –B* Looking through one material to find inhomogeneities in it. Application Areas –1* Air/Space, 2* Terrestrial, 3* Ocean, 4* Medical, 5* Biological * Letters and Numbers Refer to Next Slide

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-7 Model Subsurface Problems 1 Air/Space3 Ocean2 Terestrial4 Medical5 Biological Landuse Atmospheric Gasses Landmine Detection Pollution Mapping Dermatology Functional Brain Mapping Excavation Planning Mapping Mitochondria ICM Cell Counting A B CORAL REEFS Seabed Mapping River Plume

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-8 Example Problems for the Course Geometries –Semi-Inifinite Slab –Two-Layers –Embedded Object SSI Technology –Hyperspectral Imaging Coursework –Experiments –Analysis

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-9 Some SSI Technologies X-Ray Light (UV, Visible, Infrared) Ground-Penetrating Radar Electrical Impedance Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Acoustics and Ultrasound Electromagnetic Sensors Passive Electromagnetic Imaging Seismics Others ~Wavelength

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-10 CenSSIS NSF and Industry Support

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-11 Probe system 1. Definition & Scope of SSI Probe(s) I Medium & object are characterized by physical properties, to which the probe waves are sensitive. One or more probes transmit one or more waves, which are launched into the medium after processing by some probe system. The waves are characterized by their location, power, frequency, waveform, polarization, etc One or more detectors characterized by their location, sensitivity, or noise, detect the waves after processing by some detector system J Detector(s) Detector system object Medium Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh, Chair of ECE at Boston University for the concept for this and following slides.

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-12 Examples of wave-dependent properties Density Compressibility Acoustic Dielectric constant Conductivity Nuclear spin Electromagnetic Refractive index Absorption coeff. Fluorescence Optical Absorption X-Ray Electrical/Magnetic Conductivity Permeability Particle Beams Electron,Positron,.. Scattering Emission of x-ray or secondary emission Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-13  Density, Porosity, Stiffness  Chemical composition, pH  Metabolic information  Ion concentration  Physiological changes (e.g., oxygenation)  Extrinsic markers (dyes, chemical tags) Examples of Underlying Parameters Goals of SSI Estimate –Distribution of Measured Parameters or –Underlying Parameters Related to Them, or –Object Shape or Features or Detect the Presence of a Target or Classify Objects Based on Measured Parameters Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-14 Rough Surface Inhomogeneous / Layered Medium Absorption Dispersion Scattering Diffusion Clutter Electro- magnetic Optical/ IR X-ray Acoustic CW Pulsed Modulated Coherent Multi- Spectral Classical Quantum Outside InsideAuxiliary Partially Coherent Object Nonlinear Absorption Scattering Nonlinear Scattering Diffusive Phase Object Depolarizing Stationary Moving Absorption Fluorescence Probe Taxonomy of SSI. object Medium Surface ProbesDetectors Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-15 i i j Transmitter (Probe) & Receiver (detector) Patterns j Probe Pattern: Region in the medium occupied by the probe wave, in the absence of the target & clutter Detector Pattern: Region in the medium to which the detector is sensitive, I.e.,, if a source were to exist within this medium, it would be detected. Architectures of SSI Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a I J Probe System Detector System Interaction regions { ij} are small & do not overlap significantly Localized SSITomograhic SSI i j ij I J Probe System Detector System i j ij LP MVT Interaction region V ij = region in the medium to which the signal of detector j is sensitive, when probe wave i is active Interaction regions { ij} are large & do overlap significantly Localized vs Tomographic SSI Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-17 Transverse Scanning Axial Scanning Transverse Gazing Axial Scanning Example i) Distributed Probe/ Localized Detection LP Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh Example: Photography

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-18 Good transverse resolution Poor axial resolution LP Example ii) Localized probe/ distributed (bucket) detection Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh Two-Photon Scanning Laser Microscopy

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-19 Both axial & transverse resolution LP Example iii) Confocal probe and detection Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-20 Transverse resolution by scanning Axial resolution by time of flight sectioning Example iv) Pulsed Coaxial probe and detection LP Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-21 Computed transverse & axial resolution MVT Example v) Axial Tomography Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-22 Generally poor axial and transverse resolution Example vi) Diffusive Photon Density Waves Thanks to Prof. Bahaa Saleh TransmissionReflection

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-23 Generally poor axial and transverse resolution Example vii) Time-Domain Photon Migration TransmissionReflection

January 2003 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University a-24 SSI Literature Specialized Journals and Conferences (eg. Journal of Biomedical Optics, ASLMS, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.) Journals and Conferences Specific to the Application area (eg. J. Invest. Dermatology) Journals and Conferences Specific to the Technology area (eg. Optics Letters, IEEE Trans. Sig. Proc.) Recent Additions: –Journal: Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications, Quarterly Since January –Conference Proceedings: SPIE, 1999, 2000, 2001