“Moving on Up” Transitioning to High-Performance Aircraft Peter Long, CFI, CFII, MEI

Agenda ► How much horsepower do I need to fly ! ► Propellers ► Engines and Turbochargers ► Other Considerations ► FAA Rules – just in case ► Questions

How much horsepower do I need to fly ? The Wright Flyer – 12 HPThe Cessna 172SP – 180 HP The Cessna Turbo 206 – 310 HP Boeing 747 – 90,000 HP (equivalent) North American P-51 – 1100->1600 HP North American T-28 Trojan – 800 HP

Propellers ► Convert engine HP to thrust ► Fixed vs. Constant Speed ► Torque & P-Factor

Propellers – Fixed ► Angle of attack varies with airspeed &/or RPM ► Optimized for a single airspeed/RPM ► Therefore it has poorer efficiency other times

Propellers – Constant Speed ► Changes blade angle to maintain optimal angle of attack over wide range of airspeed and RPM settings ► More complexity ► Additional cockpit control (propeller)

How the whole thing works

How the governor works To Prop High RPMLow RPM On RPM Oil By adjusting blade angle, governor maintains optimal AoA and constant engine RPM

Changes in airspeed ► Climbing  Airspeed slows  Angle of attack increases  Engine RPM slows  Governor reduces blade angle  Engine RPM recovers  Angle of attack back to optimal

Use of Propeller Control ► Power Increase - Mixture, Prop, Throttle ► Power Decrease - Throttle, Prop Mixture Example : T206 ► Takeoff - High RPM Setting, Full Power ► Climb - Set to top of green (MP, RPM, Fuel flow) ► Cruise - Per the POH ► Descent - Reduce Throttle 1 Inch Per Minute ► Landing - Prop High RPM (typically on base)

Propellers ► Convert engine HP to thrust ► Fixed vs. Constant Speed ► Torque & P-Factor

Propellers – Torque ► Left turning tendency ► Strongest with high power ► Did I say “right rudder”

Propellers – P-factor ► Left turning tendency ► Strongest with high  Power  Angles of attack ► Take-off, go-around ► Right rudder !!!!

Agenda ► How much horsepower do I need ! ► Propellers ► Engines and Turbochargers ► Other Considerations ► FAA Rules – just in case ► Questions

Engine Management ► Bigger engines -> more heat ► Turbochargers -> more heat ► Need to manage CHTs (<400°F)  In the climb – add fuel, reduce fpm  Enroute – cowl flaps, leaning  In the descent – reduce power gradually, keep lean  (Pushing the mixture in generate large changes)

Turbochargers ► Uses exhaust gas to drive increase inlet manifold pressure ► Waste gate is key to how much boost ► Modern systems have automatic wastegates To Intake Manifold Exhaust Waste Gate

Turbochargers ► Critical altitude is when wastegate is fully closed ► Descent planning ! ► What happens when the turbocharger fails at altitude ?  (Air start checklist) To Intake Manifold Exhaust Waste Gate

Other Cool Stuff ► Oxygen or pressurization systems ► Anti-ice, De-ice systems ► Speed brakes ► Weather Radar ► GPS and/or glass panel avionics

Agenda ► How much horsepower do I need ! ► Propellers ► Engines and Turbochargers ► Other Considerations ► FAA Rules – just in case ► Questions

Speed (I feel the need for …) ► Planning Ahead  Communications  Altitude/Power Changes  Particularly turbo-charged engines ► Longer Takeoff/Landing Distances ► Larger Turn Radius ► Longer Range

Weight ► Momentum ► Stability ► Landing (Descent)  Sink rate, use of power ► Landing (Crosswinds)  Weathervaning

Read the POH ! ► Section 7 - How Things Work ► Section 9 - How the Other Things Work ► Section 2 - What Can Kill You ► Section 3 - When Things DON’T Work ► Section 4 - Normal Procedures ► Sections 5, 6, and 8

Calibrate the Plane ► Power/Flap/Gear Settings/Airspeeds for:  Climb  Cruise  Descent  Hold / approach level  Precision / non-precision approach  Downwind  Base  Final  Go Around

Agenda ► How much horsepower do I need ! ► Propellers ► Engines and Turbochargers ► Other Considerations ► FAA Rules – just in case ► Questions

FAA Rules ► – received and logged ground and flight training one-time endorsement re proficiency ► High-performance endorsement (>200HP) ► Complex endorsement (flaps, wheels, propeller) ► High-altitude endorsement (pressurized, ceiling > 25,000’)

Any questions ?

West Valley Flying Club ► Over 80 airplanes for rent – SQL, PAO, HWD ► Over 20 high performance planes ► ► Come visit us in the terminal building

Come outside and play ► N206DW – Cessna T206 turbo 310HP 6 seats ► N4195U – Cessna C HP 3 high-performance planes from West Valley Flying Club on display

Moving on Up Peter Long, CFI, CFII, MEI (408) Thanks to Dave Fry, Trevor Thom, and the internet…