Russian contribution to ExoMars and the outline of further Mars Exploration programme NPOL TEAM IKI TEAMS COORDINATOR DANIIL RODIONOV <rodionov@iki.rssi.ru> 3MS33, 11.10.2012

Scientific and technical goals of the ExoMars project Completion of previously planned scientific missions: Investigation of the Mars structure and climate at the surface (Mars-96  Mars-Net). Atmosphere investigation, search for methane, climate monitoring from the orbit (Phobos-Grunt). New scientific goals: Subsurface water mapping with high resolution. Exploration of Mars habitability. Volcanism (search for volcanic gases). Development of a joint (ESA-Roscosmos) ground segment for interplanetary missions management. Integration of Russian and European experience in technology development for interplanetary missions and in quality control. Preparation for the next steps in Mars exploration: Landing sites investigation, subsurface water. Dosimetry. Monitoring of radiation situation.

EXOMARS: Participation in ESA-led mission Proton launch of 2016 composite RTG and Russian instruments on EDM Russian instruments on TGO Joint science programme Proton launch of 2018 probe Roscosmos-led Descent Module using experience of EDM and lunar descents ESA-supplied s/systems for the DM Roscosmos-led fixed long-living platform (target science payload 50 kg) Cancelled on 8 June

ExoMars: Project configuration 2016 TGO: Trace Gas Orbiter EDM: Entry, Descent & Landing Demonstrator Module Russian participation ACS: 3 spectrometers and electronic block FREND: Collimated neutron spectrometer + dosimeter

ExoMars: Project configuration 2016 TGO: Trace Gas Orbiter EDM: Entry, Descent & Landing Demonstrator Module Russian participation ACS: 3 spectrometers and electronic block FREND: Collimated neutron spectrometer + dosimeter PanCam Adron Lidar Dust Sensor

Phobos-Grunt/Luna-Resurs ExoMars: EDM 2016 Russian contribution Name Description Prototype PanCam Color panoramas of the surface around EDM to define geological context, assess the mineralogical composition of surrounding rocks and soil, and determine the exact location of EDM. Monitoring of atmospheric phenomena (clouds, fogs, dust devils, etc.). Mass: 1.1 kg. Power: 5 W Phobos-Grunt/Luna-Resurs ADRON EDM Neutron detector and dosimeter. Search for subsurface water and monitoring of radiation levels. Mass: 1,5 kg. Power: 6 W. MSL LIDAR Measuring of day and season dynamics of vertical structure of near-the-surface aerosol and water vapor in the Mars atmosphere up to the altitude of 10 km. Studying of the process of formation of clouds and near-the-surface. Mass: 0.55 kg. Power: 5 W. Mars Polar Lander Dust Sensor Dust particles dynamics near the surface.. Mass: 0.65 kg. Power: 4 W. Luna-Resurs

ExoMars: Trace Gas Orbiter Russian contribution: ACS Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) – Three spectrometers for the study of atmospheric chemistry and climate. Total mass: 33.3 kg (with electronic block). Name Description Prototype ACS-NIR Echelle-AOTF (Near IR: 0.7-1.7 μm, R~20000). Monitoring and profiling of CO, H2O, O2. Dayglow O2 emission, sensitive search for nightglows. Mass: 3.5 kg. Power: 15 W. ISS ACS-MIR Echelle spectrometer (Middle IR: 2.2-4.5 μm, R>50000). Profiles of CH4 , H2O, СО, isotopic ratios HDO/H2O. Search for undetected species. Mass: 12 kg. Power: 20 W. Phobos-Grunt ACS-TIR Fourier-spectrometer (2-25 μm, 0.2 cm-1). Monitoring of thermal state, aerosols, minor constituents in nadir. Detection in occultation.

FREND: Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutrons Detector FREND is a neutron detector with a collimator and dosimeter module. Measurements are performed in a narrow field of view of about 10°, allowing to estimate the presence of water in the Martian surface with approx 40 km resolution. This is 10 times better than the resolution of currently exiting HEND/Odyssey map: Poly HEND/Odyssey data, ~400 km resolution 10B 400 km pixel 3He Gale Crater Scint 40 km pixel Preliminary design FREND Collimator Dosimeter module Silicon based semi-conductor detector Resolution: < 100 keV for 100 keV – 10 MeV range; < 350 keV for 10 MeV – 80 MeV range Measured values: Absorbed dose: 10-5 – 101 Gy Absorbed dose rate: 10-6 – 10-1 Gy/h Flux of particles: 1 – 1000 particles·cm2/s Time resolution of absorbed dose and flux: 1 min Time resolution of ionization losses spectr: 1 hr Simulation of FREND/TGO data, ~40 km resolution Martian neutron energy ranges: Epithermal (3He counters): 0.4 eV – 500 keV Fast (Stylbene Scintillator): 0.5 – 10 MeV Spatial resolution: ~ 40 km at 400 km orbit FREND is practically identical to LEND instrument onboard Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, which is orbiting the Moon since 2009 and proved it’s efficiency in both design and neutrons collimation concept that allows high resolution orbital mapping of neutron fluxes. Instrument PI: Igor Mitrofanov, Scientist: Anton Sanin, Manager: Alexey Malakhov, Space Research Institute (IKI)

ExoMars: Project configuration Exomars Rover with Pasteur payload 2018 Exomars Rover with Pasteur payload Landing Platform Russian contribution: Two instruments onboard of the rover: Infrared spectrometer (ISEM) on the mast and neutron detector Adron-RM. Scientific payload of the landing platform.

ExoMars: Rover 2018 Russian Instruments ISEM Adron-RM Name Description Prototype ISEM Infrared spectrometer located on the rover mast. Mineralogical analysis of surface targets. Sample selection for the rover payload. Mass:1.2 kg. MEX/Luna-Resurs Adron-RM Search for subsurface water along rover traverse. Coordinated operation with WISDOM radar. Mass: 1.7 kg MSL OB ISEM HRC PanCam

EXOMARS 2018: Descent Scenario 11

EXOMARS 2018: landing module integrated with braking stage Exhaust parachute Parachute container Main parachute Trail cover Trail cover Petals Breaking thruster Aux thruster Descent module Aerodynamic shield Feet Descent platform tanks Doppler radar Aerodynamic shield 12

Exhaust parachute Parachute container Main parachute Trail cover Trail cover Petals Breaking thruster Aux thruster Descent module Descent platform Aerodynamic shield tanks Feet Doppler radar Aerodynamic shield 13

EXOMARS 2018: landing module in surface configuration Rover Solar panels Feet 14

Exomars: landing platform Preliminary instrument selection Target mass of the science payload for the landing platform is ~50 kg. European contribution will be discussed once the level of resources available is confirmed. Preliminary list of scientific instruments: Instrument Mass Description Robotic arm w sampling device 3 Sampling for GCMS, close-up camera, Mossbauer Meteopackage PTW-Hum measurements Moessbauer spectrometer 0.5 Iron mineralogy (Germany) PanCam 0.4 Surface panorama, atmosphere Methane detector (F-P spectrometer) 2.3 Methane, minor gases. GSMS Gas chromotographer 10 Composition, reactivity Seismometer 9.1 Seismometry (France) STEM (contact sensors) 0.8 Temperature, conductivity, etc Lidar 1 Aerosol up to 5-10 km Fourier-spectrometer 3.8 Minor constituents, boundary layer (2.5- 25 μm) M-TDLAS (laser spectrometer) Minor constituents, isotopic ratios locally MARSES-MAIGRET (low-frequency radar, magnetometer 4 Water contents down to 100s of m, manetotelluric, etc Neutron spectrometer 7.7 Subsurface water MANAGA-TOF (atmospheric MS) Atmosphere composition Dust complex 4,5 Dust dynamics near the surface

Mars-Grunt. 2022-2024. ExoMars. 2016-2018. Phobos-2 2020-2022. Possible further steps of a joint Roscosmos-ESA Mars Exploration programme ExoMars. 2016-2018. Phobos-2 2020-2022. Mars-Grunt. 2022-2024.

Joint project proposal Phobos investigation Joint project proposal There is an ESA proposed project for Phobos sample return (PHOOTPRINT) with a launch in 2022 and sample return in 2025. Given high scientific value of Mars satellites exploration, existing Russian developments in a field of sample return from the surface of Phobos and ESA interest to such a project, it is suggested to study (can be done by existing working group) feasibility of a joint ESA-Roscosmos project on Phobos Exploration. 2020-2022 гг. – launch of a mission for landing on Phobos, in situ investigation of Phobos surface and sample return to the Earth.

Mars-SR 2022-2024 The main scientific objective of Mars-Grunt project (which can be launched after 2022) is to provide science community with the samples from the Martian surface. The sample return from the Mars is being discussed by leading space agencies. Taking into account the technological complexity of such a mission and the high value of scientific output, it’s realization is more probable as a part of international cooperation. Another important outcome of this project will be a development of sample return technologies, which can be used during preparation of manned Mars exploration. Technological steps : Exomars Landing platform (2018) Moon sample return (2019-2020) Phobos sample return (2020-2022)