Extractive Components of Wood Barbara Cole University of Maine.

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Presentation transcript:

Extractive Components of Wood Barbara Cole University of Maine

Major Components of Wood

Wood Extractives - Non-cell wall components -Can be removed using solvents, e.g. pet. ether, acetone, ethanol, water - Relatively small molecules (< C 40 ) - Usually comprise 1-5% of the wood - Under genetic control  vary by species

Lipid Extractive Components I. Aliphatics Fats (fatty acid esters of glycerol): % Fatty acids: <0.1%

Suberin (polyester): Fatty alcohols (C 16 -C 28 ): Waxes (esters of other alcohols): n= Fatty acid Alcohol

Lipid Extractive Components II. Terpenoids: primarily in softwood species Monoterpenes (C 10 ) Uses: Turpentine, flavor and fragrance chemicals

Lipid Extractive Components II. Terpenoids: primarily in softwood species Diterpenes (C 20 ) ( % of wood) Uses: Rosin, sizing agents

Lipid Extractive Components II. Terpenoids: Triterpenes (C 30 ) (5-30% in birch bark)

Phenolic Extractive Components I. Simple Phenolics

Phenolic Extractive Components II. Stilbenes Stilbenes are generally very toxic! Primarily in the heartwood of conifers.

Phenolic Extractive Components III. Flavonoids - Flavonoids are the most abundant phenolics. -Coloration in foliage and flowers, astringent taste in unripe fruits. -Condensed tannins: tanning agents, adhesives

Phenolic Extractive Components IV. Lignans Generally non-toxic and are very good antioxidants.

Other Extractive Components I.Alkanes II.Proteins III.Monosaccharides and derivatives

Summary - Extractive components are “small” molecules that can be extracted with a solvent from wood, bark, or foliage. -Generally, extractives are present in small amounts. -Extractives vary tremendously within species, between species, and within trees. -There are thousands of different extractives present in wood.

Softwoods: - Resin acids: 40-45% of extractives - Fatty acids: 40-60% - Monoterpenes (turpentine) - Phenolics Hardwoods: - No resin acids or monoterpenes - Fatty acids: 60-90% - Phenolics Softwoods vs. Hardwoods