INTERCONNECTED DOMESTIC AMERICAN SYSTEM – PROMOTES MAJOR EXPANSIVE FORCE = COTTON TRADE Market Revolution

Essential Questions: What are the factors that contributed to the development of the market economy? What is the impact of the market economy: Economically, Socially, Politically?

New Nationalism: Era of Good Feelings High period of prosperity and nationalism - unity American System – Clay  Protective tariff  Second BUS  FFII Internal Expansion – economically & west  Land and cotton trade = major expansion force

Economic Nationalism Transportation infrastructure Development in commercial agriculture, business/manufacturing & trade Creativity and innovation Unity Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian goals and methods Role of Govt.

Foreign Policy Bully Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental)  Florida –US  $5 million – SP  Boundary clarified  US – gives up TX claims; SP - Oregon SG – Pacific/Asia Compromise Rush Bagot Treaty  Demilitarized Great Lakes Commission of 1818  49 th parallel  30 yrs joint occupation Oregon Treaty w/ Russia

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

Monroe Doctrine 1823 Issue – re-colonizing by Europe/Br Principles  Non-colonization  Non-interference SG  American unilateralism – autonomy in foreign policy  Eventual sphere of influence in LAmerica

Impact Opportunity Growth - demographics Expansion – economic, geographic Specialization Sectionalism American Exceptionalism Paradox of Freedom Individualism

Sectional Economies: South Cotton Elements for success  Land  Slavery (unfree labor)  Cotton gin  Demand – textiles – domestic/Europe

Sectional Economies: North Textile (primary)/shoes etc. Elements for success  Water  Capital  Labor (free)  technology

Regional Economies: West Commercial agriculture – regional centers – grain/livestock –linked by rivers Far West – furs, exchanges with the tribes

Contributing Factors Distribution system Interconnected domestic market Unity --- Sectionalism tensions

Internal Expansion: Northern Society Material growth and development Telegraph Railroads Improvements in manufacturing and agricultural Increase in volume and range of internal trade Mass immigration

Railroads 30,000 m by 1860 New financing Loans state and local Land grants - federal

Transportation Revolution Issue = create a cheap, efficient and dependable system Roads ----Canals-----Steamboats Emerging solution = RR Postal system Sectional differences

Lancaster Turnpike 1790 By 1832 – 2400 miles of turnpikes

Conestoga Wagons &Trails

Yankee Clipper Ships

Fulton and the Steamship The Clermont

Erie Canal System – Clinton

Erie Canal 1820

Demographics Population increase – M Labor & markets Geographic changes – mobility – geographic, seeking opportunity Regional changes – NE --- more urban, S and W --- agrarian

Immigration - Opportunity , million;3 million arrived Greatest influx in proportion to population 1.5 million Irish; 1 million + German 66,000 Chinese Nativism- American party

Impact on cities Overcrowding, poverty, disease, crime Segregated by social class Ethnic neighborhood and self help groups (Five Points ) Political parties and civic celebrations unify “cauldrons of democracy”

Favorable Government Actions Limited liability and incorporation laws Easy credit - climate for risk Supreme Court Ruling which fostered economic development  Fletcher v Peck 1810  McCulloch v MD 1819  Gibbons v Ogden 1824  Dartmouth v Woodward 1824

Key Supreme Court Cases Fletcher v Peck & Dartmouth v Woodward – sanctity of contracts (public and private) (SCt. >state leg.) McCulloch v MD(1819)  Implied powers clause affirmed  BUS affirmed Gibbons v Ogden(1824)- federal government regulates interstate commerce Cohens v VA – SCt >state SCt

Technology Steam power Interchangeable parts Cotton gin Power loom & spinning jenny Power press Eventually the telegraph

The Cotton Gin

Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable parts rifle

Entrepreneurial Leadership & Innovation Factory system – Lowell System Laborers = Mill girls; paternalism Finance – Boston Associates

Use of Water Power

Impact: Labor Mill Girls – Dublin essay Decreased status artisans and workers Gutman – transformation and adjustment Decreased autonomy First labor issues – ability to control conditions/terms of work Commonwealth v Hunt 1842 – right to strike

Lowell Girls

“Mill Worker” James Taylor Millwork ain’t easy Millwork ain’t hard Millwork it ain’t nothing But an awful boring job I’m waiting for a daydream To take me through the morning And put me in my coffee break Where I can have a sandwich And Remember Then it’s me and my machine For the rest of the morning For the rest of the afternoon And the rest of my life So I may work the mills just as long as I am able And never meet the man whose name is on the label

Lowell Dormitories “Oh isn’t it a pity that a girl as pretty as I – Should be sent to a factory to pine away and die. Oh I cannot be a slave. I will not be a slave. For I am too fond of liberty.”

New Working Class – Wage Labor (wage slavery) Immigrants replaced young unmarried native born women (most still women)– 61.7% Decreased paternalism; impersonal; worker as machine or part - response  Tardiness; drunkenness, absence, loafing Increase in labor militancy – race and ethnicity divided

Socio-economic Impact Middle class emerges Division of labor male/female Social mobility – possibilities Maldistribution of wealth increased Increasing working class Loss of status for the craftsman New emphases – speed, time, efficiency Materialism – wealth > intellect Boom – Bust cycle

Political and Economic Impact Sectionalism affected the party system faction – 2APPS (economics) Environmental consequences Anxiety – fears about loss of opportunity Racism – fear of failure increased  Job competition in northern states

Images and Stereotypes The minstrel show Reinforced ideas

End of the Era of Good Feelings Panic of 1819 – first major depression Missouri Compromise 1820 Defeats of FFII – Bonus Bill Increasing sectional identity

Missouri Compromise 1820 Issue – extension of slavery Tallmadge Amendment – post natal emancipation Sectional tensions – issues are highlighted Compromise – Clay ---”sacred”  Maine free/Missouri slave (pattern balances Senate)  No slavery north of in Louisiana Purchase territory --

Missouri Compromise

Prompt: The D of I announced and defined the principles by which the American nation would be based. When examining the market economy and its effects, analyze the extent to which it helped the nation to achieve these principles or impeded the achievement of these goals.

Ante Bellum American Art Patriotic Art – post War of 1812 Classic themes in sculpture and architecture

US Customs House 1836

Jefferson Rotunda UVA 1819

Capitol Rotunda

Washington - Greenough

Washington Crossing the Delaware Leutze

Our Banner in the Sky -Church

Hudson River School Capture the undiluted power of nature Paint the most spectacular and undeveloped areas –”Garden of Eden” Nature is the best source of wisdom and fulfillment Visual representation of ideas of Transcendentalism  Art as agent of moral and spiritual transformation  Art as way the universal mind reaches human mind

Characteristics New art for a new land Grand scenic vistas Humans are insignificant Broken tree/stump = symbol Experiments with effect of light on sky and water

Issues and Themes Transcendentalist thinking Western expansion American nationalism –”What is an American?” creation of national mythology Racism and Native Americans Political extremism Impact of civilization on nature – price paid for civilization

Nature’s Wonderland – Doughty 1835

Niagara – Church 1857

Catskill’s Early Autumn - Cole

The Oxbow – Cole 1836

The Course of Empire:The Savage State – Cole 1834

The Course of Empire: The Pastoral State – Cole 1836

The Course of Empire: Consummation – Cole 1836

The Course of Empire: Destruction – Cole 1836

The Course of Empire: Desolation – Cole 1836

Kindred Spirit – Durand 1849

Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf –Salmon 1833

Watercolors by Audubon

Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri – Bingham 1845

Frontier Artists Noble Savage Stoic Indian Demonic Indian Doomed Indian

Young Omahaw – King 1821

Buffalo Bull’s Fat Back: Head Chief Blood Tribe – Caitlin 1832

Mato Tope – Bodmer 1821

Osage Scalp Dance –Stanley 1845

The Last of the Race – Matteson 1847

Dying Indian Contemplating the Progress of Civilization Crawford 1857 Manifest Destiny Post Civil War