Mission Period Archaeology in Spanish Florida Rochelle A. Marrinan Department of Anthropology Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida Presented at the PANHANDLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF TALLAHASSEE 2008

Spanish Borderlands Missions Chronology Florida – 1565 – 1572 (Jesuits) Florida – 1565 – 1572 (Jesuits) Florida – beginning in 1573 (Franciscans) Florida – beginning in 1573 (Franciscans) New Mexico – 1598, 1615 New Mexico – 1598, 1615 Arizona , 1615 Arizona , 1615 Texas Texas California – Alta 1769 California – Alta 1769

Missions in Spanish Florida -- ca. 1675

Mission Period Archaeological Projects in Spanish Florida ( ) Mission Period Archaeological Projects in Spanish Florida ( ) Santa Catalina de Guale David Hurst Thomas Amelia Island Milanich, Saunders Patale, O’Connell Marrinan, FSU Mission San Luis Shapiro, McEwan Tama Smith Fig Springs Weisman Milanich, Saunders Santa Fe Milanich Johnson

The Mission Romanticized

Topics for Consideration Indigenous population Indigenous population Site identification Site identification Settlement plan Settlement plan Mission features Mission features Chronology Chronology Material culture Material culture Ethnicity Ethnicity Daily life Daily life

Indigenous Population Settlement pattern during the Apalachee Mission period ( ) is believed to be a dispersed pattern with a number of farmsteads allied to an individual mission Settlement pattern during the Apalachee Mission period ( ) is believed to be a dispersed pattern with a number of farmsteads allied to an individual mission Friars in doctrinas had responsibility for a number of outlying villages called visitas Friars in doctrinas had responsibility for a number of outlying villages called visitas Archaeology in mission sites has not represented the indigenous people as much as it has the friars Archaeology in mission sites has not represented the indigenous people as much as it has the friars

Site Identification Minimally, the archaeological location of a mission establishment composed of church (or chapel), convento (friar’s residence), and possibly a third structure for cooking and other household activities Minimally, the archaeological location of a mission establishment composed of church (or chapel), convento (friar’s residence), and possibly a third structure for cooking and other household activities Associated cemetery, indigenous public and domestic structures, warehouse, school, ball field, plaza Associated cemetery, indigenous public and domestic structures, warehouse, school, ball field, plaza

Missions are large, complex sites (Mission San Luis, Artist’s Reconstruction) Missions are large, complex sites (Mission San Luis, Artist’s Reconstruction)

Mission Santa Catalina de Guale on Amelia Island Idealized Settlement Organization (Late Seventeenth Century)

Settlement Patterns Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico Tumacacori, Arizona Yucatán, Mexico

Franciscan Mission Plan, New Mexico Church Sacristy Convento Church Sacristy Gran Quivira, Salinas Mission

Florida Mission Church Reconstruction Florida Mission Church Reconstruction

Mission Features Church with subfloor burials Church with subfloor burials Convento: in Florida, detached from church; sometimes connected by covered way to third structure (possible cocina) Convento: in Florida, detached from church; sometimes connected by covered way to third structure (possible cocina) Cocina: “kitchen” or multipurpose domestic building Cocina: “kitchen” or multipurpose domestic building Plaza Plaza Principal indigenous structure: Council house or other structure Principal indigenous structure: Council house or other structure Domestic indigenous structures Domestic indigenous structures Warehouse Warehouse School School

O’Connell Mission Site, Magnetometer Survey Feature 116 Feature 118

O’Connell Mission Site (8Le157), Church Area O’Connell Mission Site (8Le157), Church Area Excavation Plan as of 2000

Mission Patale (8Le152) Architectural Features in the Northeast Yard “Common Plan” House Floor over Dismantled Earlier Circular Structure

Establishing Chronology Glass Trade Beads with known date ranges Iberian-derived majolicas of Old World and New World Origin Indigenous ceramics: incised and complicated Stamped varieties, and Colonowares

Material Culture Indigenous Wares European-derived ceramics, metals, glass beads Religious accouterments Datable ceramics

Ethnicity In Apalachee, beginnings – Apalachees In Apalachee, beginnings – Apalachees Some of the later groups living in Apalachee Province Some of the later groups living in Apalachee Province –Chines – before 1675 –Pacaras (Caparas) -- before 1675 –Tamas -- before 1675 –Amacanos -- before 1674 –Yamassees -- before 1675) –Chacato (Chatot) – after 1675 From Hann 1988 From Hann 1988

Daily Life Hispanization Traditional Lifeways

Mission Period Archaeology Excavations at the O’Connell Mission Site (8Le157) Mission Period Archaeology Excavations at the O’Connell Mission Site (8Le157) Artifact Drying Excavation Area Processing the Overburden Excavation Overview

Current problems Urban/suburban development Urban/suburban development Funding Funding Need for long term, broad-scale projects Need for long term, broad-scale projects Proto-historic period archaeology Proto-historic period archaeology