Lecture 6 Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

Blood hem/o and hemat/o plasma - 55% formed elements - 45% serum - plasma without clotting proteins

Blood Cells RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis

Erythrocytes erythr/o - red cyte - cell Hemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygen Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone marrow

Leukocytes leuk/o - white Protect the body against invasion Pass through capillary walls

Granulocytes neutrophils (phagocytosis) eosinophils (allergies) basophils (promote inflammation) Agranulocytes lymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies) monocytes (macrophages) Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.

Thrombocytes smallest formed element made in bone marrow essential to blood coagulation In case of injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.

Plasma plasma 92% water 8% plasma proteins albumin globulin fibrinogen serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen

Functions of the Immune System To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances pathogenic microorganisms allergens toxins malignant cells

Structures of the Immune System Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems Works primarily through antigen- antibody reaction

Lymphatic System Major structures lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph fluid tonsils Also spleen thymus

Functions of the Lymph System lymph/o drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the blood transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cells carry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive system control of infection

Lymph System Lymph originates in blood plasma Interstitial fluid cleans and nourishes body tissues collects cellular debris, bacteria return to blood or lymph capillaries

Lymph Nodes located in lymph vessels small round or oval structures (filters) depositories for cellular debris bacteria and debris phagocytized

Lymph Nodes inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes) almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process

Spleen sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue filter for lymph phagocytic cells hemolytic

Thymus lymphatic tissue mediastinum primary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity

Tonsils masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin) Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction

WBCs for Immune Reactions monocytes - type of lymphocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body become macrophages macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cells lymphocytes - major class of WBCs formed in lymphatic tissue

Lymphocytes T cells or T Lymphocytes mature in thymus gland Cell mediated immunity B cells or B Lymphocytes mature in bone marrow antibody-mediated immunity

T Cell or T Lymphocyte (Cell Mediated Immunity) T Cell (cell mediated immunity) circulating lymphocytes produced in bone marrow matures in thymus live for years primary function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms

Lymphocyte: T Cells helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune system Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time

Blood Groups Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs A - A antigen B - B antigen AB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigens

Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen Antigens on the donor’s RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.

Rh Factor Rh factor is antigen present on RBC Rh positive and Rh negative Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh- positive fetus. hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented with RhoGAM

Immunity Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life

Factors That Influence Immune System Health Age Heredity

Anemias Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced symptom of disease erythropenia hypochromasia hematocrit

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.

Autoimmune Disorders Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells. Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues. Multisystemic involvement. Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis

Edema Hypoproteinemia lowers osmotic pressure within blood large amounts of plasma pass out of blood poor lymph drainage increased capillary permeability congestive heart failure localized edema, ascites

Hemophilia Hereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in men lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting hematomas hemarthrosis

Infectious Mononucleosis Acute infection caused by virus. Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising. transmitted by droplet infection Infection confers permanent immunity Treatment symptomatic

Oncology, the study of tumors Metastasis, Metastasize Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Adenocarcinoma Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.) Osteocarcoma Osteosarcoma Myosarcoma Myeloma

Leukemia Major oncological disorder of blood- forming organs malignant cells replace health bone marrow cells acute myelogenous leukemia acute lymphocytic leukemia

Hodgkin’s Disease Malignant disorder Painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosis

Kaposi’s Sarcoma Malignancy associated with AIDS lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules