Transport

I. Blood A.Plasma 1.mainly water 2.carries dissolved materials (wastes, nutrients, proteins, salts, enzymes, hormones)

I. Blood B.Red Blood Cells 1.greatest # of cells in plasma 2.produced by bone marrow 3.do NOT have nucleus 4.have hemoglobin, iron-containing pigment, carries O 2 between lungs and body tissues

I. Blood C.White Blood Cells 1.larger than RBCs and have nucleus 2.produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes 3.two main types of WBCs a.Phagocytes 1)engulf and destroy infection 2)can leave capillaries and enter body tissues 3)engulf by phagocytosis

I. Blood b.Lymphocytes 1)produce protein molecules called antibodies 2)antibodies react w/ foreign substances/microorganisms and innactivate them 3)antigens – substances that cause antibody production 4)immune response – antigen-antibody reaction

I. Blood D.Platelets 1.small cell fragments involved in blood clotting

II. Blood Clotting A.When injury occurs blood vessels break and must be blocked (clotted) to stop blood loss B.All substances for clotting are found in blood but, generally, clot does not form unless vessels are broken C.W/ injury, platelets are broken, releasing enzymes, then the plasma protein, fibrinogen, is turned to fibrin, forms a mesh work at the site, blood gets trapped in mesh and clot forms

II. Blood Clotting

III. Immunity A.Two Types 1.Active Immunity a.antibodies produced in response to foreign substance (antigen) in body b.get a disease, antibodies develop against disease causing agent. After illness is over, antibodies stay in blood and protect against reinfection by same agent c.vaccination – dead/weakened organisms are injected into body to stimulate antibody production to protect from disease

III. Immunity 2.Passive Immunity a.get antibodies from blood from another person/animal b.provide temporary immunity c.borrowed antibodies are gradually destroyed and no longer immune d.baby gets initial immunity from mother

III. Immunity B.Allergies 1.allergic reactions are overreactions of immune system (acts as if harmless things are harmful) 2.antibodies stimulate release of histamine which causes allergic responses (sneezing, coughing, rash)

IV. Transport Vessels A.Arteries 1.carry blood AWAY from heart to body 2.thick walled muscular vessels 3.contract to allow forceful flow of blood 4.pulse – rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries b/c of heartbeat

IV. Transport Vessels B.Capillaries 1.arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels finally forming capillaries 2.tiny vessels, walls 1 cell layer thick 3.site of exchange of materials between blood and body tissues

IV. Transport Vessels C.Veins 1.blood flows capillaries to veins 2.thin walled 3.carry blood BACK to heart 4.have flaps of tissue, act as valves, only allow blood travel in one direction 5.pushed along by skeletal muscle contractions

V. Intercellular Fluid and Lymph A.Some plasma forced out of vessels and into surrounding tissues called intercellular fluid (ICF) 1.allows materials to DIFFUSE between cells and capillaries B.Extra ICF drained from tissues by lymphatic system, lymph vessels present in ALL body tissues

V. Intercellular Fluid and Lymph C.Once ICF is in lymph vessels, called lymph D.Lymph vessels merge forming larger vessels and eventually empty into veins near heart. Fluid lost from blood gets returned. E.Lymph nodes – enlarged areas of vessels where phagocytic cells filter bacteria and dead cells from lymph

V. Intercellular Fluid and Lymph

VI. Heart A.Structure of Heart – 4 chambers 1.Atria – upper chambers, receive blood returning to heart from body 2.Ventricles – lower chambers, pump blood out of heart into arteries

VI. Heart B.Circulation through Heart 1.deoxygenated blood from body returns to right atrium from 2 large veins, from upper and lower body 2.blood pumped from RA to right ventricle 3.blood pumped out of RV to pulmonary arteries to lungs where blood gets rid of CO 2 and picks up O 2

VI. Heart 4.O 2 rich blood returns in pulmonary veins to left atrium of heart 5.Blood pumped from LA to left ventricle 6.LV pumps blood out to body through aorta (largest artery in body)

VI. Heart

C.Blood Pressure 1.pressure exerted by blood on walls of arteries during pumping action

VII. Pathways of Circulation A.Pulmonary Circulation – between heart and lungs B.Systemic Circulation – between heart and rest of body C.Coronary Circulation – between heart and itself

VIII. Disorders A.Hypertension 1.High blood pressure 2.Can be caused by stress, diet, heredity, smoking 3.Damage lining of arteries and weaken heart

VIII. Disorders B.Coronary Thrombosis 1.heart attack – blockage of coronary (heart) artery or branch 2.b/c of blockage, muscle does not get O 2 and gets damaged

VIII. Disorders C.Angina Pectoris 1.narrowing of coronary arteries 2.causes temporary shortage of O 2 3.intense pain in chest and shoulder

VIII. Disorders D.Anemia 1.blood cannot carry enough O 2 to muscles 2.not enough hemoglobin in RBCs / not enough RBCs 3.can be caused by lack of iron in diet

VIII. Disorders E.Leukemia 1.form of cancer when bone marrow makes abnormally large #s of white blood cells