 hem/o and hemat/o  plasma - 55%  formed elements - 45%  serum - plasma without clotting proteins

 RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis  WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis  Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis

 erythr/o - red  cyte - cell  Hemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygen  Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte  RBCs produced by red bone marrow

 leuk/o - white  Protect the body against invasion  Pass through capillary walls

 Granulocytes neutrophils (phagocytosis) eosinophils (allergies) basophils (promote inflammation)  Agranulocytes lymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies) monocytes (macrophages)  Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.

 smallest formed element  made in bone marrow  essential to blood coagulation  In case of injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.

 plasma 92% water 8% plasma proteins  albumin  globulin  fibrinogen  serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen

 To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances pathogenic microorganisms allergens toxins malignant cells

 Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels  Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems  Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction

 Major structures lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph fluid tonsils  Also spleen thymus

 lymph/o drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the blood transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cells carry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive system control of infection

 Lymph originates in blood plasma  Interstitial fluid  cleans and nourishes body tissues  collects cellular debris, bacteria  return to blood or lymph capillaries

 located in lymph vessels  small round or oval structures (filters)  depositories for cellular debris  bacteria and debris phagocytized

 inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)  almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100  invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process

 sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue  filter for lymph  phagocytic cells  hemolytic

 lymphatic tissue  mediastinum  primary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity

 masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph  located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination  any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance  should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.

 Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)  Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen  Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction

 monocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body become macrophages  macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cells  lymphocytes - major class of WBCs formed in lymphatic tissue

 T cells or T Lymphocytes mature in thymus gland Cell mediated immunity  B cells or B Lymphocytes mature in bone marrow antibody-mediated immunity

 T Cell (cell mediated immunity) circulating lymphocytes produced in bone marrow matures in thymus live for years primary function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms

 helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune system.  Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time

 Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs A - A antigen B - B antigen AB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigens

 Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen  Antigens on the donor’s RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.

 Rh factor is antigen present on RBC  Rh positive and Rh negative  Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.  hemolytic disease of the newborn  prevented with RhoGAM

 Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease  Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life

 Health  Age  Heredity

 Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced  symptom of disease erythropenia hypochromasia Low hematocrit

 Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)  HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years  AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease  After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.

 Hypoproteinemia  lowers osmotic pressure within blood large amounts of plasma pass out of blood  poor lymph drainage  increased capillary permeability  congestive heart failure  localized edema, ascites

 Hereditary blood clotting disorder  sex-linked, usually in men  lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting  hematomas  hemarthrosis

 Acute infection caused by virus.  Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising.  transmitted by droplet infection  Infection confers permanent immunity

 Metastasis, Metastasize  Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Adenocarcinoma  Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.) Osteosarcoma Myosarcoma Myeloma

 Major oncological disorder of blood- forming organs  malignant cells replace health bone marrow cells  acute myelogenous leukemia  acute lymphocytic leukemia

 Malignant disorder  Painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly  Anorexia, weight loss, +9, anemia, leukocytosis

 Is a hypersensitive disorder of the immune system.  Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid.  Allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity.

 It is characterized by excessive activation of certain white blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody known as IgE, resulting in an extreme inflammatory response.  Common allergic reactions include eczema, rash, hay fever, asthma attacks, food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees.

 Is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues.  Any disease that results from such an unusual immune response is termed an autoimmune disease.  Prominent examples include Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE Rheumatoid arthritis RA

 Transplant rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue is not accepted by the body of the transplant recipient.  This is explained by the concept that the immune system of the recipient attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.

 This is expected to happen, because the immune system's purpose is to distinguish foreign material within the body and attempt to destroy it, just as it attempts to destroy infecting organisms such as bacteria and viruses  When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through the use of immunosuppressant drugs

M.R., a 36-year-old certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), was diagnosed 7 years ago with latex allergy. She first noticed that she developed contact dermatitis when she wore powdered latex gloves. She soon developed tachycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, urticaria, and rhinitis with contact or proximity to latex in surgery. She had one frightening episode of anaphylaxis. Her allergy is of the type I hypersensitivity, IgE T-cell-mediated latex allergy, which was diagnosed by a skin-prick test. M.R. avoids all contact with any natural rubber latex in her home and at work. She can only work in a pediatric OR because they are latex-free, since many children with congenital disorders are latex allergic. She wears a medical alert bracelet, uses a bronchodilator inhaler at the first symptom of bronchospasm, and carries a syringe of epinephrine at all times.