Referencing your Work Dr Amanda Tinker Academic Skills Tutor

Referencing in Context Read and Take Notes Assignment Evidence to support your ideas or argument Paraphrase Direct quote Acknowledge sources used Briefly, in your text In full, at the end

Outline What is a reference? Why reference? When to reference How to reference Within your assignment At the end of your assignment

What is a Reference? An acknowledgement that you have referred to (cited) information from published sources in your own work. In other words, a recognition that you have borrowed other people’s work, ideas or opinions.

Why Reference? Shows off your research! Published evidence to support your own ideas/argument/point of view or give examples Plagiarism - using other people’s work and ideas as your own without acknowledgement Copyright Helps others to trace your information sources Part of the marking scheme

What is plagiarism? plagiarism noun plagiarism noun [mass noun] the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. ( From The Oxford Dictionary of English in English Dictionaries & Thesauruses )The Oxford Dictionary of EnglishEnglish Dictionaries & Thesauruses

Actions that might be seen as plagiarism Buying, stealing or borrowing an assignment Using the source too closely when paraphrasing Paying someone to write your assignment Building on someone’s ideas without acknowledgement/referencing Copying from another source without referencing (on purpose or by accident)

University of Huddersfield Guidelines on Academic Misconduct Section 4, regulation 3 of the Handbook of Regulations

When to Reference A particular theory, argument, opinion, viewpoint – not common knowledge Statistics, examples, case studies “Direct quotations” - writer’s exact words. Use sparingly! Paraphrasing

How to reference Various systems for referencing Harvard system (Author/Date) is the most popular and recommended at the University You need to reference in two places: Brief details, within the main body of your assignment Full details, at the end of your assignment

Exercise 1 Referencing in the body of your assignment

How to Reference: Direct Quotations AUTHOR, DATE, PAGE NUMBER(S) As Smith (2003, p.34) states, “Ikea is now the market leader in the flat-pack sector.” According to Smith (2003, p.34), “Ikea is now the market leader in the flat-pack sector” Ikea has recently been described as “the market leader” within the flat-pack industry (Smith, 2003, p.34) Larger quotes (3 lines +): Start quote on new line and indent. No need to use quotation marks. Three or more authors, give first author surname followed by ‘et al’

Useful verbs and phrases for introducing direct quotes As X states/ believes/ suggests /indicates/ points out / observes/ explains/ argues/ outlines/ contradicts / proposes, “…….”. For example, X has argued that “……”. According to X, “…….”. X suggests/ believes/ observes that “…..”.

How to reference paraphrases AUTHOR, DATE The furniture sector is extremely competitive. Previously MFI was the major player, now to be overtaken by Ikea (Smith, 2003).

How to reference paraphrases AUTHOR, DATE The furniture sector is extremely competitive. Previously MFI was the major player, now to be overtaken by Ikea (Smith, 2003).

Referencing at the end of your assignment Reference list – a single alphabetical list by author of everything you have specifically mentioned in your assignment Bibliography – a list of sources you have read but not specifically mentioned in your assignment References or Bibliography – what’s the difference?

What information do I need to include? Name(s) of the Author(s) Title When and where it was published Who published it Web site address and date you looked at it

Referencing Books Author(s) R.R. Jordan Year of Publication ©1999 TitleAcademic writing course: study skills in English Edition (if not the first)3 rd edition Place of publicationHarlow PublisherPearson Education Limited Using the title page (not the front cover) note the: Jordon, R. R. (1999) Academic writing course: study skills in English 3 rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

Referencing Journal/Magazine Articles Author Demetris Vrontis & Peri Vronti Year of publication 2004 Title of article Levis Strauss: an international marketing investigation Title of journal Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Volume number (if present) 8 Part number (if present)4 Page number(s) Vrontis, D. & Vronti, P. (2004) ‘Levi Strauss: an international marketing investigation’ Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8(4), pp

Referencing a Web site Author/editor/organisation Year written (or last updated) Title URL Date you accessed it For future reference, print and keep a copy of the web site

Author URL Title The Saatchi Gallery (no date) Tracey Emin [online] Available at: [Accessed 20 th October 2008]

Online Images Author/Artist/Photographer (year) Image title [online image] Available at: [Accessed date] Emin, T. (1998a) My Bed [online image] Available at: [Accessed 20th October 2008]. Figure 1: My Bed (Emin, 1998a)

Printed Images Artist (year) Title of illustration [medium] Details of book Emin, T. (1998b) My Bed [art installation]. In: Brown, N. and Emin, T. (2006) Tracey Emin. London: Tate, pp

References Jordon, R. R. (1999) Academic writing course: study skills in English. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Emin, T. (1998a) My Bed [online image] Available at: [Accessed 20th October 2008]. The Saatchi Gallery (no date) Tracey Emin [online] Available at: [Accessed 20th October 2008] Vrontis, D. & Vronti, P. (2004) ‘Levi Strauss: an international marketing investigation’ Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8 (4), pp Emin, T. (1998b) My Bed [art installation]. In: Brown, N. and Emin, T. (2006) Tracey Emin. London: Tate, p.98-99

What are these then? Knackstedt, M.V. (2002) The interior design business handbook: a complete guide to profitability. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heylighen, A. and Verstijnen, I.M. (2003) ‘Close encounters of the architectural kind’ Design Studies, 24, pp Makovsky, P. (2003) Flat packing: a look at Nike’s latest generation of foldable shoes Metropolis Magazine, December [online] Available at: [Accessed 1 st December 2003] European Design Innovations Limited (2002) The directory of design consultants [online] Available at: [Accessed 1st December 2003]

Writing Strategies and Styles

Outline Approaching assignments Assignment types Writing styles –Academic writing and critical thinking –Reflective writing

Approaching Assignments Interpret brief, clarify task, assessment criteriaclarify task Strategic information gathering and recording –What do you know already? –Where are the gaps? –Ask relevant questions –Consult range of sources Purposeful note taking –question and critiquenote taking Analyse and reflect Plan the structure Develop and write drafts Ensure clear line of discussion, evidence to support point/argument, in-text referencing Final draft, proofreading, References

Essay vs. reports - what’s the difference?

Barbour and Getty Images, 2006 Structure

Essay Structure Introduction – Introduce topic/set scene - Interpret question and - Define terms (if relevant) - Raise questions/argument - Purpose - This essay examines… - Brief outline of structure Main body - Topic sentence to announce theme Paragraphs- Develop paragraph – discussion, evidence etc. - Last sentence summarises or links to next paragraph Conclusion - Restate purpose - Summarise key findings/meaning - Come to a conclusion - Future directions?

Essay Building Blocks = Paragraphs Connecting sentences/ideas = Link Words

Reports Clear structure, informative, factual Concise writing style – shorter sentences, bullet points, tables/diagrams Executive Summary (if relevant) Contents page Introduction and (possibly) Terms of Reference Main body - Use section headings, e.g. 2.1, 2.2 (paragraphs within these) Conclusion Recommendations (if relevant) References Bibliography (if relevant) Appendices (if relevant)

Critical Reading and Writing Styles Purpose Audience How author viewpoint is presented – balanced discussion, different perspectives? Features of this writing style Use of images/tables Compare and contrast the 2 extracts about Levi jeans. For each extract, consider the:

Academic Writing - Critical Thinking Evaluating arguments and evidence, e.g. for or against, compare/contrast Awareness of different perspectives Selecting and referencing relevant evidence and theory to support your argument/views and address question/task Questioning and critiquing – strengths and weaknesses, asking why? Categorising and making connections Clear line of reasoning – planning! Making reasoned judgements Conclusion

Personal versus Academic Writing Styles Personal Emotional Subjective Active voice (first person – ‘I find that…’) Informal (but not chatty) Data from one person Based on experience Academic Logical Objective Passive voice (third person – ‘It was found that…’) Formal Wider database Based on published evidence

Reflective Writing - ILP and Learning Journal Don’t include unnecessary detail Don’t just tell a story Focus on critical incidents Step back from the situation/experience Use ‘I’ but write in a formal (not conversational) style Relate to academic theories and models of teamwork Identify Key/Transferable Skills Identify strengths and weaknesses Set targets for improvement Visual Directions: Useful Questions

Thank you! Any questions?