Reflection & Refraction of Electromagnetic Radiation By Emin Menachekanian, PhD.

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Presentation transcript:

Reflection & Refraction of Electromagnetic Radiation By Emin Menachekanian, PhD

What Is Light? ɤ

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Speed of Light Is Finite, But Fast! Consider the round-trip distance from here to UCLA and back: 30 mi ≈ 60 km

The Speed of Light Is Finite, But Fast! Voyager 1, launched in 1977, took about 30 years to reach the edge of our solar system. Light would take about 12 hours to do the same thing!!

Understanding How Light Reflects & Transmits Use: Fermat’s Principle of Least Time

Pierre de Fermat

Fermat’s Principle of Least Time Light will always take the path from one point to another that minimizes the time of its journey.

What About for Reflecting from a Mirror? Mirror

Mirror Image

What’s the Correct Reflection? Mirror A B Equidistant to Mirror B’ This path not only minimizes the distance, but it also minimizes the time! Because speed of incident ray is the same as the speed of reflected ray.

Law of Reflection Mirror A B Normal to Mirror θiθi θrθr θ i = θ r

Why Does He Look Like This?

Simple Example Mirror

Simple Example Mirror

Simple Example Mirror

Transmission of Light It takes time for the light to be re- emitted when captured → Slows down! Speed of light in medium Speed of light in empty space Index of Refraction

Indices of Refraction for Various Materials

Which One Is The Shortest Distance? A B C 50 m 85 m 25 m

Which One Takes The Least Time? A B C Running Speed Is 10 m/s Swimming Speed Is 2.5 m/s 5 s 20 s 8.5 s 10 s

Which One Takes The Least Time? A B C Fast Slow

Light Behaves the Same Way! As light enters from a medium with a LOW index of refraction to one with a HIGH index of refraction, the ray bends TOWARDS the normal. As light enters from a medium with a HIGH index of refraction to one with a LOW index of refraction, the ray bends AWAY FROM the normal.

Refraction Simulator

The “Bent” Pencil

Water Actual Straw Image of Straw

Full Reflection from Medium Interface!

Total Internal Reflection Only occurs when light is going FROM a medium with a HIGHER index of refraction INTO a medium with a LOWER index of refraction

The Critical Angle The angle (with respect to the normal) at which the light totally internally reflects is known as the critical angle. The larger the index of refraction of the medium in which the light totally internally reflects, the smaller the critical angle.

Critical Angles (Surrounding Medium: Air) Internal MediumRefractive Index (n)Critical Angle [Deg.] Water Ethyl Alcohol Quartz, Fused Lucite Glass, Crown Glass, Flint Zircon Diamond

45° Glass Prisms > 41° (TIR)

Binoculars

Fiber-Optic Cables