Chapter 8 Water and Minerals Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

Introduction Minerals Major Trace Water Most indispensable nutrient

Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Pound) Person (Grams)

Water Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight Roles Solvent Cleansing agent Lubrication and cushion Coolant

Body’s Water Balance Water balance Body water varies by pounds Dehydration Thirst Signs Groups at risk Water intoxication Body water varies by pounds Thirst and satiety govern water intake Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

Water Balance – A Typical Example

U.S. Fluid Sources

Safety and Sources of Drinking Water Public water Removal of many hazards Disinfectants Testing and reporting Chlorination and cancer Water sources Surface water Groundwater

Bottled Water Regulation and safety BPA IBWA trademark Sales across state lines Standards Less rigid than those for tap water BPA IBWA trademark Water for nutrition’s sake Fluoride

Body Fluids and Minerals Water follows salt Electrolytes Water flows toward greater concentration Fluid and electrolyte balance Causes of imbalance Acid-base balance Hydrogen Buffers

A Bone

Calcium Bone and tooth formation Hydroxyapatite Fluorapatite Bone and tooth turnover

Calcium In body fluids Calcium balance 1 percent of body’s calcium Roles Blood calcium is tightly controlled Calcium balance Skeleton serves as a calcium bank Bone density Organs

Bone Throughout Life

Calcium Snapshot

Phosphorus Second most abundant mineral in body Roles in the body Majority found in bones with calcium Roles in the body Recommendations Deficiencies are unlikely Food sources

Phosphorus Snapshot

Magnesium “Major mineral” Bones and kidneys Roles in the body Dietary requirement Bones and kidneys Roles in the body Works with calcium Deficiency Toxicity Recommendations

Magnesium Snapshot

Sodium Roles Deficiency “Water Weight” Recommendations Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Deficiency “Water Weight” Recommendations Intakes

Sodium Blood pressure Controlling salt intakes Hypertension Measures Types Sodium intakes increases blood pressure Heart damage DASH diet Controlling salt intakes

How to Cut Sodium from a Barbeque Lunch

Potassium Positively charge ion inside the cells Roles Deficiency Fluid and electrolyte balance Heartbeat Deficiency Dehydration Toxicity Recommendations

Potassium Snapshot

Iodine Body’s work is done by iodide Roles Deficiency Toxicity Thyroxine Deficiency Goiter Cretinism Toxicity Food sources

Iron Every living cell contains iron Two proteins Roles Hemoglobin Myoglobin Roles Carry oxygen Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, & neurotransmitters

Iron Iron stores Absorbing iron A mineral to be hoarded Iron losses Special proteins transport and store iron Absorbing iron Forms of iron in food MFP factor Impairing iron absorption

Normal and Anemic Blood Cells

Iron Snapshot

Zinc Works with proteins in every organ Expression of deficiency Roles Expression of deficiency Groups at greatest risk for deficiency Vegetarians

Zinc Snapshot

Fluoride Not essential to life Roles in the body Deficiency Toxicity Dental decay Toxicity Fluorosis Sources

U.S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water Through Public Water Systems

Food Sources of Calcium in the U.S. Diet

Calcium Absorption from Food Sources