Chapter 5

 Motivation – drive to eat, drink, make friends, etc.  Emotion – feelings – fear, hope, love, etc.  Hypothalamus  Fear, rage, hunger, thirst  Amygdala  Aggression and Fear

 Thought to result from drives  If you are thirsty you have a need for water and are driven by the body to look for water  Homeostasis  Standing (staying) the same  We are driven by hunger to eat but once satisfied we stop eating

 Hunger  What causes hunger? ▪ Stomach growling – when you are hungry your stomach does contract but... People who had the stomach removed still experienced hunger ▪ Blood Sugar – If it’s low then you need to eat ▪ Brain gets messages to say you are hungry and full ▪ As we continue to eat taste receptors shut down and we stop eating

 Factors Controlling Weight  Theory – heavy people cannot read internal clues accurately that are provided by the hypothalamus  Set Points – regulating mechanism in the body that determines what an individual’s weight should be ▪ Set Points can be changed through considerable work

 Thirst  Human Body is made up of roughly 65 – 70% water  We respond to temperature receptors on the tongue which trigger desires for cold drinks in the summer and hot ones in the winter  Over time we learn the amount of water we need and when we need extra and how much extra

 Psychological need for change  Something new, rearrange our rooms, change colors or decorations  Curiosity Motive  Rush hour traffic – people will slow down to see the most minor accident  The more we know about something the more our curiosity increases

 Manipulation Motive  Drive to handle and use objects in the environment ▪ Monkeys ▪ Manipulate mechanical puzzles for hours with no other reward ▪ Will hold down a switch 60% or more every hour to watch a show on TV

 Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation  What happens when you factor in rewards to the monkeys? ▪ They lose their incentive to play and focus on the reward  Intrinsic comes from within  Extrinsic comes from outside  When we give rewards we use extrinsic motivation and remove some intrinsic motivation

 All Animals must have physical stimulation in order to develop properly  Harry Harlow – Contact Comfort ▪ Monkeys were placed in a cage with two fake mothers ▪ One was made of wire and had a bottle where they could feed ▪ The other was covered with a terry cloth but no bottle ▪ A windup teddy bear was placed in the cage frightening the mother  Which mother did they run towards for comfort: The one that fed them or the soft one?

 Contact Comfort in Humans  WWII infants were raised in an institution where there was no personal attention given but they were well fed and looked after  WWII infants were raised in a prison nursery where they had constant contact with the mothers  Results: 37% of the first group died within a year  Without enough rocking and touching the cerebellum does not develop properly which can create permanent emotional and psychical scars

 Abraham Maslow  Hierarchy of Needs – ranks needs into an arrangement ▪ Physiological Needs – Bottom of the pyramid ▪ Hunger and thirst ▪ Safety Needs – 2 nd Block ▪ Shelter and extra money ▪ Belongingness Needs – 3 rd Block ▪ Seek contact and love with one another ▪ Friendships

 Maslow – Hierarchy  Self-Esteem Needs – 4 th Block ▪ Liking and respecting yourself  Self-Actualization Needs – 5 th Block ▪ Ability to put into practice the skills and talents we possess

 Most of us are fortunate to have basic needs met on a regular basis so we don’t spend a lot of time dealing with them  Need for Affiliation and Approval  Have learned to value these goals and to associate them with good feelings or satisfaction  Need for Achievement  Seems to be a learned behavior  First born children are often high achievers than later-born children

 We express ourselves in a social and symbolic context  We share certain basic emotions  Joy, fear, anger, sadness  Opponent Process Theory  When we experience an intense feeling of some kind we don’t just come back to a normal feeling once it has passed ▪ Example: You have just finished a lengthy final exam that you have been dreading for weeks you don’t feel just ok once its over – you feel ecstatic or you can also feel depressed

 Cognition is intimately involved in the emotions we feel  We tend to overestimate how much pain something will be because we expect it to hurt  Situational Cues help us determine what emotion we should be feeling ▪ If we are in a hurry to get somewhere but obstacles keep being put in our way we tend to get angry

 Self – Awareness – knowing what we are feeling and why  Managing your feelings  Empathy – read what another person is feeling and being sensitive to his or her emotions  Having a high IQ is not enough to guarantee success in the real word – you have to have emotional intelligence

 Emotions operate in reverse of the way we most of us assume  Example: A Snake ▪ Most people believe that we see a snake, feel an emotion, and then run ▪ James-Lange – We see a snake, our bodies respond, we run, and then we feel an emotion

 When an emergency is happening the bodily reaction and the emotional system respond at the same time  However not true for all cases  Car Accident ▪ We respond physically by reflex then your body panics

 Subjects were injected with adrenaline  One group was told the drug would make them feel high – the other group was told their drug would make them feel angry  Subjects were placed in the room to act the way the groups were told their drug would make them act  Once the drug started taking effect the groups started acting the way they were told they were going to  Theory – We tend to label our behavior and control our feelings in terms of the environment and how others are acting