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Compounds of life

Yesterday… Atoms, elements, and molecules

Today… We will discuss the four major types of molecules necessary for life. They are very large molecules called… Macromolecules!!!

4 macromolecules These 4 compounds are found in all cells and are necessary for life

4 macromolecules are found in our food –Carbohydrates –Lipids (also called fats) –Proteins –Nucleic acids Each of these has different functions in the body

Macromolecules are Polymers Large compounds are formed by joining small individual compounds together Monomers : the individual compounds Polymers : many monomers joined together (poly=many) Polymers are like a beaded necklace and monomers are like an individual bead! monomer polymer

The 4 compounds of life are organic compounds Organic means that the molecules contain carbon !

1. Carbohydrates Sugars for making energy Found in bread, plant matter, grains, sugars Can be simple or complex All C 6 H 12 O 6, but in various arrangements Hydrogen and Oxygen ratio= 2:1 Most sugars end in suffix “-ose”

Two common sugars…

Simple carbs have one ring – monosaccharides Carbs with two rings joined together - disaccharides Multiple rings - polysaccharides

3 main types of polysaccharides (complex carbs): 1.Plants store excess energy in the form of starch. 2.Animals store energy as glycogen. 3. Cellulose is structural support for plants. Fiber (what we call cellulose when it is eaten) is indigestible to humans.

a monosaccharide! (like glucose!) So, what is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

2. Lipids Waxy, oily, fatty From foods like butter and oils Cholesterol: Important lipid that makes cell membranes flexible! But it’s possible to get too much!! (Do you know someone with high cholesterol? They probably have to watch their lipid intake!) Many more hydrogens than oxygens –Hydrogen to oxygen ratio is always greater than 2:1

Saturated Fats: often solid at room temp. –Only single bonds –Animal fats, lard, butter –Not as healthy Unsaturated Fats: often liquid at room temp. –One or more double bonds –Plant oils, nuts, avocados –Healthier

Warm-up What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Draw a sketch of a monomer of a carbohydrate.

Good Fats Versus Bad Fats Fatty Acid Structure:

So, what is the monomer of a lipid? One glycerol (an alcohol) attached to three fatty acid chains

Lipids

I can’t believe it’s not butter! Did you know? When choosing between real butter and the butter substitute, real butter is healthier??? This is because our bodies recognize butter as an organic compound and so they are able to break it down. On the other hand, fake butter is only 1 carbon chain away from being plastic!

What too much fat can do to you… Too much fat can clog your arteries leading to fatal cases such as a heart attack or a stroke or Coronary Heart Disease This is because clogged arteries may lead to a blood clot. Therefore, it will block the flow of blood to your heart.

3. Proteins Contain nitrogen as well as C, H, O Monomer - amino acid Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds (a type of covalent bond) to form proteins R- the variable part of the amino acid

Peptide Bond

Protein structure Structure = function How the protein folds/is arranged affects its function

4. Nucleic Acids Large complex molecules composed of phosphorous, N, C, O, and H. 2 basic kinds of nucleic acids: RNA & DNA Monomer: Nucleotide

DNA and RNA contain our genetic material! Can you see the repeating nucleotides???

Jamie has swim practice later today, what should he eat for lunch to prepare? What do you think? a.Whole grain pasta b.A big salad c.Steak d.Bring on the BOJANGLES!

Enzymes – super special proteins Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. They are also called catalysts. Almost every reaction in your body is controlled by an enzyme!

Enzymes speed up reactions without altering the reaction They lower the activation energy required for a reaction to happen They are “denatured” (destroyed) by: Temperature pH changes Enzyme names end in “-ase”

Siamese cats have an enzyme that works at lower temperatures only, causing the nose and ears to become a darker color than the rest of the body.

Enzyme specificity Enzymes are specific (like a lock and key) Each enzyme binds to one particular substrate Where it binds (attaches) is called the active site When the enzyme binds it changes the chemical composition of the substrate