Using phylogenetic analysis to identify market substitution of Atlantic salmon for Pacific salmon: an introductory biology laboratory experiment Erica Cline University of Washington Tacoma Environmental Science, Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences

The Issue: Market Substitution Intentional substitution of one species for another (more valuable or rare) species When and where it occurs: –Collapsed fisheries; e.g., cod –Illegal, unreported, or unregulated fishing –Difference in price “The Cove”

You buy:Should be: Scientific name But actually is:AKA: Red snapperLutjanus campechanus Sebastes spp. Oreochromis spp. Coryphaena hippurus Ictalurus punctatus Rockfish Tilapia Mahi Channel catfish Cod Gadus morhuaTheragra chalcogrammaAlaska pollock ‘Wild’ salmon Oncorhynchus spp. Salmo salarAtlantic salmon (farmed) Cases of substitution in the US Based on Jacquet & Pauly 2008

Scientific nameOriginal market name Renamed Squalus acanthiasSpiny dogfishRock salmon, Hass Sebastes spp.RockfishPacific red snapper, Rock cod Anoplopoma fimbria SablefishBlack cod Oncorhynchus keta Chum salmonSilver brite salmon Renaming—a related problem Based on Jacquet & Pauly 2008

How common is it? FDA testing –37% of fish mislabeled High school student project in NYC, 2008 –23% of seafood mislabeled Local fish processor sentenced to prison for substituting coho for king salmon NY Times and Consumer Reports studies: 40 to 75% of ‘wild’ salmon isn’t

Learning Objectives 1. Master the fundamental concepts of cell and molecular biology with application to a unifying theme and a socially relevant project. 2. Understand how molecular biology can be applied to a local environmental issue in our community.

Students bring in salmon from local stores or restaurants Lab 1: DNA extraction and set up PCR reaction using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) Lab 2: Gel Electrophoresis and set up for sequencing Lab 3: Sequence analysis How it works:

Equipment and Supplies Thermal cycler Gel boxes, light box, and camera Microcentrifuge Pipettes, tips, tubes, gloves Agarose, Taq polymerase, primers DNA isolation kit, $2/sample Sequencing: $175 per 96 samples Sequence analysis: MEGA5

Example of Student Gel: PCR Products DNA + - Student samples DNA + - Student samples ladder, ctr, ctr, ladder, ctr, ctr,

Results

coho pink king Atlantic salmon sockeye chum

Atlantic salmon substituted for Pacific

Financial costs QuantityFor 14% substitution Total US consumption of coho, sockeye, chinook salmon (2004) 83,000,000 lbs Amount of this that was actually Atlantic salmon =83,000,000 * substitution rate 11,620,000 lbs Wholesale price if sold as Atlantic salmon =$0.50/lb * mislabeled Atlantic salmon (lbs) $5,810,000 Wholesale price if sold as coho, sockeye, or chinook (average price) =$2.00 * mislabeled Atlantic salmon (lbs) $23,240,000 Difference in price (cost to consumers) Pacific salmon price – Atlantic salmon price $17,430,000

Other costs of salmon farming: –Environmental problems Nutrient runoff Spread of disease Escapes –Human health Up to 10x higher PCBs, dioxins, PBDEs

Publications and future work Lab manual and instructor manual will be on Curriculum for the Bioregion website and SERC educational materials site – – Cline, ET, Gogarten, J. Using phylogenetic analysis to detect market substitution of Atlantic salmon for Pacific salmon: an introductory biology laboratory experiment. Submitted to American Biology Teacher.