Indus River Valley Civilizations

Located in India

Physical features of India 1)Himalayas 2)Deccan Plateau 3)Desert 4)Ganges River

Characteristics of Civilization Written Language: similar to hieroglyphics and cuneiform  Sanskrit Role of Religion: Theocracy Early signs of Hinduism Connection with other cultures: -Trade through seas or rivers -Trade mostly west

Monsoons Monsoons: Seasonal Winds 1)Half of the year is dry 2)Half of the year is wet

Orographic Lifting

The Wet Monsoon Arrives * May to October *Blows over the Indian Ocean *Picks up mois- ture and brings rain to the Indian subcontinent

SUMMARY

BANGLADESH IS A DELTA: one third of it goes underwater during the wet season

Problems faced: 1)Flooding during Summer Monsoons 2)Crop failure due to flooding 3)Flooding could make rivers change course 4)Unpredictable monsoons

How do we fix these problems? 1)Create walls to prevent access water from entering village –a.Made out of mud bricks 2)Planned Cities  URBAN PLANNING –a.Sort of like block system in NYC  grid system »i.Good straight road paths from place to place in city 3)Plumbing and sewage systems –a.Why is this important? »i. Water and sewage will not roam into streets and out of cities keeping them clean and spread of disease down

Indus River Valley Cities: 1)Kalibangan 2)Mohenjo- Daro 3)Harappa

What is the Caste System?

Indian Empires 1) Maurya 2) Gupta 3) Mughal

Chandragupta Maurya – 321 BC Battled with local leaders to unite all of northern India through war Large army –waged war to spread empire o Well organized bureaucracy Roads, taxes, postal system, courts

Asoka – 274 BC o Grandson of Chandragupta War at first then.. · Converted to Buddhism  spread of Buddhism o Spread through empire as well as throughout Asia o Peace and prosperity –Hospitals, houses, laws in local languages Empire declines in 232 BC Became disunited

Gupta Empire “Golden Age” o 310 AD What is a golden age? united by Chandragupta I –Creates a patriarchal society

Accomplishments o Arts  Poetry  Paintings  Write down Sanskrit · Spread language o Science  mathematics, Pi, decimals · Algebra, Concept of 0  proved earth is round · Universe– lunar cycles –7 day week, sun cycles. Medicine  surgeries, medical plants · Operations 1 st Plastic surgeries –Medical instruments

Over time the Gupta Empire will fall to the Mughal Empire (Muslims)

Famous King Akbar Allowed religious tolerance between Muslims and Hindus Married a Hindu Wife

The rulers that followed Akbar were not as tolerant as he was and Muslims and Hindus became intolerant of one another  future problems

During Mughal Empire is when the Taj Mahal was built. Combines both Muslim and Hindu architecture and design

Soon bad rulers and the division between Muslims and Hindus would lead to rebellion and fall of Mughals