Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

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Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host Chapter 9 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Nonspecific Defenses of the Host Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease. Immunity: Ability to ward off disease. Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen. Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen.

Host Defenses Figure 16.1

Physical Factors Skin Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with Keratin, a protective protein

Physical Factors Mucous membranes Ciliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs. Lacrimal apparatus: Washes eye. Saliva: Washes microbes off. Urine: Flows out. Vaginal secretions: Flow out. Figure 16.4a

Chemical Factors Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum. Low pH (3-5) of skin. Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. NO inhibits ATP production.

Normal Microbiota Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal microbiota compete with pathogens.

Formed Elements in Blood Table 16.1 (1 of 2)

Formed Elements in Blood Table 16.1 (2 of 2)

Differential White Cell Count Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells. Neutrophils 60-70% Basophils 0.5-1% Eosinophils 2-4% Monocytes 3-8% Lymphocytes 20-25%

White Blood Cells Neutrophils: Phagocytic Basophils: Produce histamine Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune response Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi Wandering macrophages roam tissues. Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity.

Phagocytosis Phago: from Greek, meaning eat Cyte: from Greek, meaning cell Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes. Figure 16.6

Phagocytosis Figure 16.7

Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis Inhibit adherence: M protein, capsules Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae Kill phagocytes: Leukocidins Staphylococcus aureus Lyse phagocytes: Membrane attack complex Listeriamonocytogenes Escape phagosome Shigella Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion HIV Survive in phagolysosome Coxiella burnetti

Inflammation Redness Pain Heat Swelling (edema) Acute-phase proteins activated (complement, cytokine, and kinins) Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes) Margination and emigration of WBCs Tissue repair

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