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Fire Extinguisher Training UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND Environmental Health and Safety

OSHA Standard Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers

NFPA Standard 10 National Fire Protection Association: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers National Fire Protection Association: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers

Chemistry of Fire FireTriangle Heat Oxygen Fuel The air contains 21% Oxygen Oxygen can come from the air or a chemical oxidizer Heat can also elevate the temperature of the fuel until it spontaneously combusts Fuel is that material which is heated to the point it is producing vapor. It is the vapor which burns. Heat is usually the ignition source which ignites the flammable vapors To understand how fire extinguishers work, it is important to look at the chemistry of fire All three elements of the fire triangle must be present for fire to occur All three elements of the fire triangle must be present for fire to occur The three elements of The fire triangle are: Oxygen, Heat, and Fuel The three elements of The fire triangle are: Oxygen, Heat, and Fuel Fire extinguishers function by removing one of the elements of the fire triangle Fire extinguishers function by removing one of the elements of the fire triangle If any element of the fire triangle is removed the fire will go out If any element of the fire triangle is removed the fire will go out

What is Fire? FireTetrahedron Fuel Heat Oxygen Chemical Chain Reaction A more accurate depiction of the behavior of fire is The fire tetrahedron. Includes all of the characteristics of the fire triangle Includes all of the characteristics of the fire triangle The fourth side of the Fire Tetrahedron is an uninhibited chemical chain reaction The fourth side of the Fire Tetrahedron is an uninhibited chemical chain reaction

How Fire Extinguishers Work Dry Chemical interrupts chain reaction Dry Chemical interrupts chain reaction Water removes heat Water removes heat CO 2 removes oxygen CO 2 removes oxygen

Dry Chemical Extinguishing Agents Bicarbonate of Soda Bicarbonate of Soda This is an ammonia based yellow powder used in ABC all purpose fire extinguishers This is an ammonia based yellow powder used in ABC all purpose fire extinguishers Mono-Ammonium Phosphate Mono-Ammonium Phosphate Purple K Purple K This is a potassium based purple powder used in Flammable liquid fire extinguishing This is a potassium based purple powder used in Flammable liquid fire extinguishing This is a bicarbonate of soda based white powder used in grease fire extinguishers and automatic systems This is a bicarbonate of soda based white powder used in grease fire extinguishers and automatic systems

Fire Extinguisher Classification

Class “A” Fires WoodPaperClothing Ordinary Combustibles

Class “B” Fires Flammable Liquids Grease Fires

Class “C” Fires Energized Electrical Equipment

Class “D” Fires Combustible Metals D

Using Fire Extinguishers Pull Building Fire Alarm Call University Police 711 Know How To Use Use Buddy System Pull Building Fire Alarm Call University Police 711 Know How To Use Use Buddy System

Never Put Yourself or Others in Danger! The fire has spread beyond The fire has spread beyond the point of origin the point of origin Do Not Use Fire Extinguisher If: The fire is larger than a The fire is larger than a waste basket waste basket The extinguisher doesn’t seem The extinguisher doesn’t seem to have any effect on the fire to have any effect on the fire

Fighting the Fire Keep back to exit Keep back to exit Check gage Check gage Check nozzle Check nozzle Make sure extinguisher Make sure extinguisher is right for type of fire is right for type of fire Keep low to avoid smoke Keep low to avoid smoke

Check The Gage Should be in the Should be in the Green Green Any other position Any other position Should be recharged Should be recharged

Check The Nozzle Make sure nothing is blocking the nozzle Make sure nothing is blocking the nozzle Fire extinguishers contain a gas to expel the agent. If the nozzle is blocked the hose can rupture causing injury. Fire extinguishers contain a gas to expel the agent. If the nozzle is blocked the hose can rupture causing injury.

PASS Pull the pin Pull the pin Aim at the base of the Aim at the base of the fire fire Squeeze the trigger Squeeze the trigger Sweep at the base of Sweep at the base of the fire, back and forth the fire, back and forth

10 ft Aim at base of fire

If Your Cloths Catch Fire! Stop – Immediately where you are. Drop – To the ground. Roll – Over and over.

Types Of Portable Fire Extinguishers At The University

Pressurized Water Electrical Shock Electrical Shock Hazard Hazard Limited Use Limited Use Subject to freezing Subject to freezing Water does not work well with flammable liquid or energized electrical equipment fires Water extinguishers can not be located in areas that are not heated Water conducts electricity and spraying a stream of water into a fire involving energized equipment can cause serious shock

Air pressure forces water out through hose when handle is squeezed

Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Check hose & nozzle Check hose & nozzle Flammable liquids & Flammable liquids & sensitive electrical sensitive electrical equipment equipment No gage No gage This is a gas and does not leave any residue which might damage sensitive electrical equipment Check the nozzle for obstructions. When the agent is discharged, the hose and nozzle may become very cold This extinguisher has no pressure gage. The agent is a gas. The only way to know if enough agent is inside is to discharge briefly Carbon Dioxide is a gas which can displace oxygen in a confined area and cause asphyxiation While carbon dioxide does’ extinguish flammable liquid fires, if surfaces are hot, a flash back fire can occur

Point horn or nozzle at base of fire and discharge. Be careful not to touch “frosted” areas of hose and nozzle.

Halon & Halon Replacements Displaces Oxygen No Residue to Damage Equipment Twice as Effective as Carbon Dioxide Displaces Oxygen No Residue to Damage Equipment Twice as Effective as Carbon Dioxide

Dry Chemical Most common Most common Works well on Class A, B, and C fires. Does leave a corrosive residue that can damage equipment Has pressure gage Has pressure gage Chemical is non-toxic Chemical is non-toxic Check gage before using and make sure hose is in good shape and nozzle is not obstructed Chemical is not toxic, but could cause problems for people with respiratory problems

Uses nitrogen gas to expel the dry chemical. Do not breath powder if it can be helped

Monthly Inspection Record DATE By Every extinguisher Every extinguisher should have a tag should have a tag Extinguishers should Extinguishers should be checked monthly be checked monthly Record date of Record date of inspection inspection Initial in space Initial in space EHS-CC

Fire Extinguisher Cabinets Cabinets should not be locked or obstructed

The four elements of the fire tetrahedron include which of the following: A) sodium, oxygen, fuel, electricity B)oxygen, fuel, chemical chain reaction, fire C)oxygen, fuel, chemical chain reaction, heat D) fuel, chemical chain reaction, heat, water

Water fire extinguishers function by removing which of the following from the fire tetrahedron? A) Electricity B) Fuel C) Oxygen D) Heat

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers function by removing which of the following from the fire tetrahedron? A) Chemical chain reaction B) Fuel C) Oxygen D) Heat

Ordinary combustible materials such as paper, cloth, and wood are classified as which of the following type of fire? A) Class D B) Class B C) Class C D) Class A

Energized electrical equipment is classified as which of the following type of fire? A) Class C B) Class A C) Class D D) Class B

Flammable liquids are classified as which of the following type of fire? A) Class A B) Class C C) Class B D) Class D

Which of the following should be done before using a portable fire extinguisher? A) Check the gage B) Make sure it’s the proper type C) Keep your back to the exit D) All of the above

Fire extinguishers should be checked at which of the following intervals? A) Semi-annually B) Monthly C) Every two years D) They do not require checking

Fire Triangle The fire triangle has been used for many years to describe the process that occurs with fire. Three elements are required for fire to take place, oxygen, heat, and fuel. Without any one of these elements you cannot have fire. Fire extinguishers are designed to remove one or more of the elements, which results in the fire being extinguished. Oxygen and heat are the easiest to remove. Fuel is much more difficult. Therefore, fire extinguishers do not remove the fuel, they remove oxygen or cool the fuel to the point the fire can no longer burn.

In order for fire to occur the fire triangle theory presented three things that must be present, Oxygen, Fuel, and Heat. New research indicates that the fire triangle does not tell the whole story. In addition to the oxygen, heat, and fuel that must be present, a Chemical Chain Reaction also takes place. These four elements are represented by the Fire Tetrahedron. When any of the four items are removed, the fire will go out. Fire extinguishers function by removing one of the four components of the Fire Tetrahedron. In order for fire to occur the fire triangle theory presented three things that must be present, Oxygen, Fuel, and Heat. New research indicates that the fire triangle does not tell the whole story. In addition to the oxygen, heat, and fuel that must be present, a Chemical Chain Reaction also takes place. These four elements are represented by the Fire Tetrahedron. When any of the four items are removed, the fire will go out. Fire extinguishers function by removing one of the four components of the Fire Tetrahedron. Fire Tetrahedron

How Fire Extinguishers Work Water extinguishes fire by cooling the fuel to below its ignition temperature. Water has a great ability to absorb heat. Carbon dioxide gas acts by displacing the oxygen in the air that the fire needs to burn, and the fire goes out. Without oxygen in the air for fire, there is also no oxygen to support life. Care needs to be exercised when using carbon dioxide extinguishers in confined areas. Dry chemical fire extinguishers work by interrupting the chemical chain reaction and the fire goes out.

Types of Dry Chemical A, B, C all purpose dry chemical fire extinguishers use mono-ammonium phosphate as an extinguishing agent. It is non-toxic but can cause problems for people with respiratory problems. It leaves a corrosive residue that can damage sensitive electrical equipment. Purple is a very effective, expensive extinguishing agent that is primarily used in aircraft and flammable liquid firefighting. Soda bi-carbonate is used for cooking fires. It has a characteristic which allows it to coat the surface of the cooking oil and keep the fuel from reaching oxygen to burn.

Classification of Fires Fires are broken down into four types for the purpose of classifying fire extinguishers. Class A involves ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, plastics, and cloth. Class B is flammable liquids including gasoline, diesel fuel, grease, and others. Class C involves energized electrical equipment. Class D is combustible metals, like potassium, sodium, magnesium, and others. It is important that the right type of extinguisher is chosen when a fire occurs to insure the fire can be quickly extinguished. The classification is clearly marked on the fire extinguisher label. Fires are broken down into four types for the purpose of classifying fire extinguishers. Class A involves ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, plastics, and cloth. Class B is flammable liquids including gasoline, diesel fuel, grease, and others. Class C involves energized electrical equipment. Class D is combustible metals, like potassium, sodium, magnesium, and others. It is important that the right type of extinguisher is chosen when a fire occurs to insure the fire can be quickly extinguished. The classification is clearly marked on the fire extinguisher label.

Using Fire Extinguishers Safely Nothing inside of a building is more important than someone’s life. Fire extinguishers should only be used by persons who have been trained. They should only be used on small fires still in the area of origin. If the fire has moved beyond the area of origin, everyone should evacuate the building and allow the sprinkler system or fire department extinguish the fire. Make sure when using a fire extinguisher your exit or way out is behind you. If that is not possible, evacuate, do not attempt to extinguish the fire. Make sure the fire extinguisher is the proper type for the class of fire. Check the gage and hose for proper operation. Nothing inside of a building is more important than someone’s life. Fire extinguishers should only be used by persons who have been trained. They should only be used on small fires still in the area of origin. If the fire has moved beyond the area of origin, everyone should evacuate the building and allow the sprinkler system or fire department extinguish the fire. Make sure when using a fire extinguisher your exit or way out is behind you. If that is not possible, evacuate, do not attempt to extinguish the fire. Make sure the fire extinguisher is the proper type for the class of fire. Check the gage and hose for proper operation.

Pull The Pin The pin in the fire extinguisher handle prevents the squeezing of the handle and accidental discharge of agent. Pull the pin and discard before using the fire extinguisher. The pin is usually held in place with a plastic rope and can be easily pulled out breaking the rope. If you have difficulty pulling the pin, it may help to place the extinguisher on the ground and place your foot on the cylinder for leverage while pulling the pin. The pin in the fire extinguisher handle prevents the squeezing of the handle and accidental discharge of agent. Pull the pin and discard before using the fire extinguisher. The pin is usually held in place with a plastic rope and can be easily pulled out breaking the rope. If you have difficulty pulling the pin, it may help to place the extinguisher on the ground and place your foot on the cylinder for leverage while pulling the pin.

Aim at the Base of the Fire For the fire to go out when using a fire extinguisher, you must get to the source of the fire. Take the nozzle in your hand and point the nozzle at the location the fire appears to be originating. This should be effective in quickly extinguishing the fire. For the fire to go out when using a fire extinguisher, you must get to the source of the fire. Take the nozzle in your hand and point the nozzle at the location the fire appears to be originating. This should be effective in quickly extinguishing the fire.

Sweep the Nozzle Back and Forth Sweeping the nozzle back and forth while discharging agent will allow the agent to cover a larger area of fire. There will also be less tendency to spread the fire around. Sweeping the nozzle back and forth while discharging agent will allow the agent to cover a larger area of fire. There will also be less tendency to spread the fire around.

OSHA Requirements The United States Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) regulates all types of work place safety including fire. Section 29 CFR covers the requirements for the placement, use, maintenance, and testing of portable fire extinguishers in the work place, when provided by employer for the use of employees. Anyone required to use fire extinguishers should be trained in their use. The United States Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) regulates all types of work place safety including fire. Section 29 CFR covers the requirements for the placement, use, maintenance, and testing of portable fire extinguishers in the work place, when provided by employer for the use of employees. Anyone required to use fire extinguishers should be trained in their use.

NFPA Standard 10 The National Fire Protection Association publishes standards, which are adopted by local jurisdictions on many issues of fire safety. NFPA 10 provides guidance concerning the selection, placement, maintenance, and testing of portable fire extinguishers. The State of Maryland has adopted NFPA 101 the Life-Safety Code, which incorporates NFPA 10 by reference. The National Fire Protection Association publishes standards, which are adopted by local jurisdictions on many issues of fire safety. NFPA 10 provides guidance concerning the selection, placement, maintenance, and testing of portable fire extinguishers. The State of Maryland has adopted NFPA 101 the Life-Safety Code, which incorporates NFPA 10 by reference.

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