Fight for North America: The Emergence of Colonial and Native Societies ( )

Essential Question #1 If the goal of colonization was to create new empires for the European powers, why did the Europeans develop such different patterns of colonization? (Key concept 2.1)

Spanish Colonization Focus/Discussion Question #1 How did Spain establish tight control over the land and the native population?

 Spain began to fortify their new territory in the New World  Goal - block the French  St. Augustine, FL, 1565  Settlements in Texas, 1716  Control over Native Americans  Convert to Christianity  Battle of Acoma  Pope’s Rebellion  “Black Legend” and reality of Spain’s legacies

French, Dutch, and British Colonization Focus/Discussion Question #2 How did the French and Dutch differ from the British in their views of establishing relationships with American Indians?

 Dutch and French  Small population of colonists  Focused on trade alliances with the Indians (beaver fur)  Intermarriage with American Indians  British  Focused on agricultural production  Large numbers of colonists would populate the colonies  Hostility toward American Indians  Colonists wanted more land  Believed Am. Indians served no economic function for the colonists

Racial Differences Focus/Discussion Question #3 Why was the treatment of Africans and American Indians much more violent for the British than the French, Spanish, and Dutch?

 British  Cultural and racial superiority  American Indians  Pequot War  King Philip’s War (Metacom)  Africans  Slavery became based on race  Early “slave codes”  Slavery began for economic reasons, later racial discrimination molded future American slave system

Regional differences (the future 13 colonies) Focus Question #4 How was each region successful in their own way, considering the climate, geography, people and natural resources were different?  New England  Middle Colonies  Chesapeake  Southern Colonies (also including the West Indies)

 New England  Success revolved around the family and community  Unity and purpose- concern about the moral health of the whole community  Farming was difficult, shifted focus to shipbuilding and fishing industry  Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, DE, PA)  Known as the “bread colonies”- heavy exports of grain  Fur trade (access to several rivers)  Lumbering and shipbuilding  Most ethnically mixed area, most democratic, religious tolerance

 Chesapeake (VA & MD)  Most difficult area to survive in (1/2 born in this area died by the age of 20)  Tobacco cultivation- 40 million lbs by 1700  Lack of workers led to the increase of indentured servitude and headright system  Southern Colonies (SC & GA)  “Plantation colonies”  Tobacco and rice  Slave labor became increasingly popular- Africans would outnumber the white pop.  West Indies- sugar plantations, Barbados slave code

Competition for Colonization Essential Question #2 How did European efforts to colonize North America intensify conflicts between colonizers and native peoples? (Key concept 2.2)

Focus/Discussion Question #1 Explain how competition over resources between European rivals led to conflict within the North American colonies as well as with American Indians.

 New trade items  Beaver fur  Dutch and French competition  Violated many Indians’ religious beliefs  Demonstrated the effect that contact with Europeans had on traditional Indian way of life  Am. Indians new desire: firearms- created competition among the tribes for access to prime hunting grounds, intensified fighting between Indian groups

 Tobacco  Desired product in Europe  Tobacco planting expanded, caused more Indian attacks  Labor sources  Indians used first, died of diseases too quickly  Africans too expensive  Indentured servants (4-7 years)  Headright system  Problems?

 Conflicts  Colonists begin seeking foreign markets to sell their goods (tobacco, fur)  Molasses Act  Stop North American trade with other European countries (France)  Colonies would lose profits from other countries  Merchants begin smuggling, bribing  Foreshadows revolutionary movement

Focus/Discussion Question #2 Analyze the cultural and demographic changes brought about on the American Indians as contact with Europeans increased.

 Trade transformed Indian life  Desire for guns, alcohol  Horses from the Spanish led to the migration of Indians onto the Great Plains  European traders began to marry Indian women, conform to Indian ways of life  Disease  Would extinguish entire cultures  Oral traditions would be lost  New tribes would be created

Focus/Discussion Question #3 How did the British and Spanish differ on their views of American Indian culture?

 Spanish Black Legend  False concept that Spanish simply tortured, killed, stole from, infected, and left nothing but misery  Spanish laid the foundation for the future Spanish- speaking nations of Central and South America  Spanish married and fused together a new culture  English  Came to dominate land, Indians to be used as a labor source  Racial superiority  No desire to blend with Indian culture, isolate the Indians

 Wars with American Indians  Pope’s Rebellion (1680)  Spanish missionaries tried to suppress Indian religious customs  Pueblos destroyed every Catholic Church and killed hundreds of Spanish settlers  First ( ) and Second Anglo-Powhatan Wars )  First- Lord De La Warr used “Irish tactics” against Powhatans, ended with marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe  Second- Powhatans’ last effort to remove Virginians  No assimilation or peaceful coexistence, banished the Chesapeake Indians- beginning of reservation system

 King Philip’s War  Puritans annihilated the Pequot tribe in 1637  By 1675, pan-Indian alliance was created, led by Metacom  Metacom led assaults on English villages  52 Puritan towns attacked, 12 destroyed  Hundreds of colonists, Indians dead  Metacom’s wife and son sold into slavery  Metacom- captured, beheaded, and drawn and quartered.  Importance-  Reduced Indian numbers, confidence, and unity

Essential Question #3 Explain the impact on the colonial societies as the exchanges within the Atlantic World increased between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. (key concept 2.3)

Focus/Discussion Question #1 How did the interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Indians stimulate economic growth while reshaping labor systems?

Focus/Discussion Question #2 How did Britain’s desire to maintain a North American empire inspire colonists to begin to resist Britain’s control?