Comparison of Phase II EPA Certified Stoves to Low Mass and Masonry Fireplaces Dan Henry

EPA Phase II Certified Controlled Combustion HEATED CON-VECTION AIR BAFFLE INSULATION EXHAUST BAFFLE SECONDARY AIR FIREBRICK PRIMARY AIR CONVECTION AIR AIR CONTROLS AIRWASH AIR INCOMING CON-VECTION AIR ASH PAN ACCESS

EPA Phase II Certified Controlled Combustion Stack Flow Rate High Burn under 20 cu. ft/ min Air Limited, Controlled Combustion Air to Fuel ratios 10 - 14:1 High Firebox Temperatures Helps to Initiate and Sustain Secondary Combustion Limited Firebox Volume 1 - 5 Cu. Ft. Woodstoves are Heating Appliances Less Frequent Fueling with Full Firebox Loads Typically 24/7 Burning Cycle Frequent to Constant Use during Heating Season

Low Mass Open Burning Fireplace DAMPER SMOKE SHELF AIR SPACE UNCONTROLLED AIR FLOW FIREBRICK PANELS GRATE

Masonry Open Burning Fireplace SMOKE SHELF DAMPER LINTEL UNCONTROLLED AIR FLOW FIREBRICK HEARTH HEARTH EXTENSION ASH CLEANOUT

Open Burning Fireplace - Masonry or Low Mass High Stack Flow Rate Can be in Excess of 200 cu. ft/ min Free Air Flow, Uncontrolled Air Flow Paths Air to Fuel Ratios above 40 - 50:1 Relatively Low Firebox Temperatures Almost Impossible to Initiate and Sustain Controlled Secondary Combustion Large Firebox Volume Often > 10 Cu. Ft. Fireplaces are Aesthetic Devices Small Fuel Load Relative to Firebox Volume More Frequent Fueling with One or Two Fuel Pieces Added Infrequent Use Pattern (Ave. 3 -10 days per year) Typically 3 – 4 Hour Burn Cycle

EPA Phase II Certified Controlled Combustion Open Burning Fireplace - Masonry or Low Mass Stack Flow Rate High Burn under 20 cu. ft/ min Can be in Excess of 200 cu. ft/ min Air Limited, Controlled Combustion Air to Fuel Ratios Typically 10 - 14:1 Air to Fuel Ratios Typically above 40 - 50:1 Firebox Temperatures High to Initiate and Sustain Controlled Secondary Combustion Below Levels to Initiate and Sustain Controlled Secondary Combustion Firebox Volume 1 - 5 Cu. Ft. Often > 10 Cu. Ft. Appliance Use and Fueling Characteristics Heating Appliances: Less Frequent Fueling with Full Firebox Loads Little or no User Interaction Between Loads Aesthetic Devices: Small Fuel Loads More Frequent Fueling Frequent User Interaction (Poking) Burn Duration Typically a 24/7 Burn Cycle Typically a 3 to 4 Hour Burn Cycle Use Patterns Frequent to Constant during Heating Season Infrequent Use Average in Range of 3 – 10 days per year

Open Burning Fireplace - Masonry or Low Mass Design Challenges to Obtain Particulate Emission Improvement in Fireplaces Reduce Excess Air Control Air Flow Paths Increase Firebox Temperatures Prevent Smoke Spillage from Front of Open Fireplace Maintain User Expectations for Open Fire Invisible Technology from Consumer’s Viewpoint Minimize Incremental Cost Increase to Preserve Sales Opportunities.