HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA North American Plate Movement

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA Pacific Plate Movement And Mendico Fault (San Andreas extension)

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA SMALL “MID-OCEAN” RIDGES DIVERGENT GORDA RIDGE

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA SMALL “MID-OCEAN” RIDGES DIVERGENT JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA SMALL “MID-OCEAN” RIDGES DIVERGENT EXPLORER RIDGE

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA SEAFLOOR SPREADING AND TRANSFORM FAULT

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA SEAFLOOR SPREADING AND TRANSFORM FAULT

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA SEAFLOOR SPREADING AND TRANSFORM FAULT

HOW DO ALL THESE BOUNDARIES WORK TOGETHER? PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA

Seismic data from EarthScope's Transportable Array sharpened existing imaging (left) so that colder (blue) and hotter (red) features in the mantle stand out (right). R A Kerr Science 2013;340: Published by AAAS Western US at a Depth of 90 km

PACIFIC NORTHWEST CASCADE MOUNTAI N CASCADE MOUNTAINS PUGET- WILLAMETTE LOWLANDS OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS COAST RANGE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE PACIFIC OCEAN

PACIFIC NORTHWEST CASCADE MOUNTAI N CASCADE MOUNTAINS PUGET- WILLAMETTE LOWLANDS OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS COAST RANGE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE PACIFIC OCEAN HOT LIQUID HOT COOL SOLID 9090

Cross sections of northwestern United States at 60, 50, 40, and 0 Ma Schmandt B, and Humphreys E Geology 2011;39: ©2011 by Geological Society of America

NORTH AMERICAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE PLATES LOCK IN PLACE

BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES NORTH AMERICAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE CONVERGENCE CAUSES UPWARD BUCKLING OF COASTAL AREAS Energy stored as in a bent cane.

DURING ERTHQUAKES NORTH AMERICAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE PLATES UNLOCK Energy in earthquake and tsunami Coastline subsides

BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES NORTH AMERICAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE Plates lock back together After release of energy by earthquake Coastline slowly Re-emerges.

Source: Rhodes, Tuttle, Horton, Doner, Kelsey, Nelson and Cisternas, EOS, 87, May Tsunami Deposits, Southern Chile. Dark bands are organic soils, lighter greys are marine sands deposited by tsunamis.

TSUNAMI MARCH 2011

Displacement during Earthquake March Source: Simons et al., 2011 Science Express

PUEGET SOUND 3,500BP Tidal Marsh

PUEGET SOUND 3,300BP Earthquake

PUEGET SOUND 3,200 BP Emergence

PUEGET SOUND 3,000 BP Forested Upland

PUEGET SOUND 3,000 BP Earthquake Submersion

PUEGET SOUND 2,700 BP Earthquake Submergence

PUEGET SOUND 400 Emergence Forest

PUEGET SOUND 400 Earthquake Submersion

PUEGET SOUND 700 Emergence

PUEGET SOUND 700 Earthquake Submersion

PUEGET SOUND 900 Emergence

PUEGET SOUND 900 Earthquake

PUEGET SOUND 1700 Emergence Forested Uplands

PUEGET SOUND 1700 Earthquake Submersion

Simulation of 1700 Earthquake and Tsunami

PUEGET SOUND 2000 Emergence

PUEGET SOUND AVERAGE LENGTH OF TIME BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES 300 yrs

PUEGET SOUND AVERAGE LENGTH OF TIME BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES 300 yrs 1700 ?

SUBSTUTUTE DEPTH FOR TIME TIME DEPTH BP3000BP 3300BP 3000BP Present