Paragraph 1: Highs and lows in France

Altitude differences in France In France you see big differences in altitude. This is called relief. Types of relief: 1. lowland: lower than 200m 2. Hills: between m 3. Low mountain ranges: between m 4. High mountain ranges: higher than 1500m

Specific types of land 1. Basin: lowland surrounded by hills 2. Coastal plain: a region with very little relief lower than 500m 3. Plateau: a region with very little relief higher than 500 m 4. Glacier: an ice field in a high mountain range that moves slowly downhill. 5. Peninsula: a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides. 6. Indented coast: a coast with deep bays and inlets.

Paragraph 2: Landscape and climate in France and Europe

Köppens Classification System Köppen identified 5 climate zones. And to describe each climate zone in more detail, he added extra letters for the amount of precipitation. capital letters normal letters Climate zonesLetters for precipitation A: tropical climatef: fehlt  precipitation all year B: dry climates: sommer  dry in summer C: sea climatew: winter  dry in winter D: continental climate E: polar climate

Köppens Classification System A-climate: Tropical climate a very hot climate, mostly around the equator minimum temperature in winter 18°C Tropical rainforest and Savannah

Köppens Classification System B-climate: Dry climate a very dry (warm or cold!) climate Maximum annual precipitation 500mm  Desert and Steppe

Köppens Classification System C-climate: sea or maritime climate a very moderate climate, highly influenced by the temperature of the sea. summer temperature above 15°C Winter temperatures above -3°C Deciduous forest belt

Köppens Classification System D-climate: a moderate climate influenced by the temperature of the continent summer temperatures between 10°C and 15°C winter temperatures below -3°C  Taiga

Köppens Classification System E-climate: Polar climate a very cold climate, mostly in high mountain range all year below 10°C Tundra To this climate, capital letters can be added: F: snow in polar regions H: snow on high mountain ranges T: tundra

Climates in Europe In Europe we mostly see the following climates: Cf: in countries along the Northsea coastline Cs: in countries along the Mediterranean coastline Df: in countries north of 55°NL and in countries east of 10°EL ET: in countries north of 66°NL EH: in the high montain ranges of the Alps and the Pyrenees

How to draw a climate diagram? 1. Because the temperature is about the average of a month, draw a dot in the middle of the month. Then link them together with a (red) line. 2. The precipitation is the total of rainfall in a month. Therefore, you draw a horizontal line on the whole width of the month and make a bar of it.

Latitude How far away is a place from the equator? Definition: the distance in degrees of a place from the equator Places with a low latitude have a higher temperature than places with a high latitude

Latitude and temperature  When the sun shines vertically the heat is more intense, because it has to warm a small surface.  When the sun shines diagonally, the heat is less intense, because the heat is diverted over a bigger surface. diagonallyhigh latitude  verticallylow latitude 

Angle of the sun The more diagonally the angle of the sun, the bigger the part that has to be warmed up.

Altitude Places on a higher altitude are colder than places on a lower altitude. Air is warmed up from the earth. When you go 1000 metres up, the temperature goes 6˚C down.

Distribution of land and sea Land warms up quickly and cools down quickly; water warms up slowly and cools down slowly.

Direction of the wind Onshore winds: come from the sea and give a temperature moderation. offshore winds: come from the land and give very high (summer) or very low (winter) temperatures.

Onshore winds: In summer sea is cooler than land  cool winds Offshore winds: In winter: land is cooler than sea  cool winds

Ocean currents In the oceans there are warm and cold gulf streams, which make the temperature on land go up or go down.

Location of the mountains A mountain range can stop (moisture) air and therefore cause a different climate on each side of the mountain range. For example the Alps mountain range: on the west side the climate is cooler and moister. The south side on the other hand is warmer and drier.

Paragraph 3: People in France and Europe

Population size A population size is constantly changing, influenced by two factors: 1. Natural changes: caused by births and deaths 2. Social changes: caused by immigration and emigration

Natural changes: natural population growth Birth rate: the number of births in a year per 1,000 people Death rate: the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people If there are more births than deaths there is a birth surplus If there are more deaths than births there is a death surplus

Social changes: social population growth Immigration: people from other parts of the world who come to live in foreign countries permanentely. Emigration: people who leave their country to live permanentely in another of the world. Immigration surplus: when the number of people who come to live in a foreign country is greater than the number of poeple who leave that country. Otherwise there is a emigration surplus.

The future of France