EARTHQUAKES, SEISMIC WAVES, & MONITORING SYSTEMS

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Presentation transcript:

EARTHQUAKES, SEISMIC WAVES, & MONITORING SYSTEMS

Earthquake Shaking and trembling from movement of the Earth’s plates More than 8,000 quakes everyday Focus-point where earthquake begins Epicenter- point on Earth’s surface above the focus

Seismic Waves Carry energy away from the earthquake P wave: 1st waves and they compress and expand S wave: secondary waves and they vibrate side to side Surface wave: travel on the surface and produce ground movement

P-wave S-wave

Measuring Earthquakes Mercalli Scale- measures the amount of damage on a scale of 1-12

Measuring Earthquakes (2) Richter scale-measures an earthquake’s magnitude (strength) Seismograph- measures wave strength

Measuring Earthquakes (3) Movement Magnitude Scale: estimates the total energy released by the earthquake

Comparing Magnitudes One-point increase in magnitude represents 32 times as much energy as the one before

Locating the Epicenter Seismic waves are used. P waves travel faster than S waves

Locating the Epicenter

The Modern Seismograph Seismic waves cause a drum to vibrate while an attached pen records the vibrations

Instruments to Monitor Faults (Predicting Earthquakes) Tiltmeters- measures the raising of the ground Creep Meters- a wire measures horizontal movement of the ground

More Instruments Laser-Ranging Devices: a laser detects horizontal fault movements GPS satellites: Monitor changes in elevation and hroizontal movements with satellites

Mapping Faults Scientists study faults and the movement along them Friction- force that opposes motion of one object sliding over another object

Predicting Earthquakes Scientists use their monitoring tools and fault maps to make predictions but there is no effective early warning system