Early Modern Period

Major Points 1. Shift in power to the West 2. World becomes smaller 3. New Empires 4. Age of Gunpowder

End of Post-Classical… 1. Independent societies (Aztecs, Incas) falling apart 2. Arab power declining 3. New invasions – Mongols 4. Ottoman Empire gains power 5. Chinese flirt with trade, but Ming bureaucrats pull back 6. Europe enters age of exploration

What’s Happening in the West 1. Unusual agricultural civilization 2. New view of family – nuclear 3. Return to rational thought 4. Stable political structures 5. Religious reformers

The Global Economy 1. By 1750, almost everyone knows everyone 2. Food exchange 3. Unequal relationships 4. Slaves and serfs 5. Diseases

Themes of this Unit 1. Declining emphasis of nomads 2. Direct relationships – ambassadors replace intermediaries (Nomads) 3. Gender relations remain patriarchal 4. Labor relations change 5. A few commercial leaders get rich 6. Environmental changes 7. Native vegetation 8. Centralization of governments 9. Nation-states began to emerge

Larger Trends 1. Americas overwhelmed by outsiders 2. Three trends a. Western expansion b. Globalization of trade c. Gunpowder 3. Reactions a. Embrace by choice b. Embrace by force c. Choose to remain independent, involve in trade on own terms

Why 1450? a. End of the Middle Ages b. Beginning of the Northern Renaissance – away from Italian city-states c. English evicted from France d. Unified France began to exercise its power e. Globalization of trade begins f. Direct contact between Europe and sub- Saharan Africa/Americas g. End of the Byzantine Empire h. Ottoman Turks rise to power

Why 1750? a. Europe on the cusp of the Industrial Revolution b. Shift in the global balance of power c. Self-imposed isolation about to end d. Colonization about to shift to imperialism e. New world order

What to Know? Examples of What You Need to Know for M/C Examples of What You Need to Know for M/C Neoconfucianism, but not specific Neoconfucianists Neoconfucianism, but not specific Neoconfucianists Importance of European exploration, but not individual explorers Importance of European exploration, but not individual explorers Characteristics of European absolutism, but not specific rulers Characteristics of European absolutism, but not specific rulers Reformation, but not Anabaptism or Huguenots Reformation, but not Anabaptism or Huguenots Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, but not the Safavid Empire Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, but not the Safavid Empire Siege of Vienna (1688–89), but not the Thirty Years' War Siege of Vienna (1688–89), but not the Thirty Years' War Slave plantation systems, but not Jamaica's specific slave system Slave plantation systems, but not Jamaica's specific slave system Institution of the harem, but not Harem Sultan Institution of the harem, but not Harem Sultan

Essay Topics Compare colonial administrations Compare colonial administrations Imperial systems: European monarchy compared with a land-based Asian empire Imperial systems: European monarchy compared with a land-based Asian empire Coercive labor systems: slavery and other coercive labor systems in the Americas Coercive labor systems: slavery and other coercive labor systems in the Americas Analyze the development of empire (i.e. general empire building in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas Analyze the development of empire (i.e. general empire building in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas Analyze the development of imperial systems: a European seaborne empire compared with a land-based Asian empire. Analyze the development of imperial systems: a European seaborne empire compared with a land-based Asian empire. Compare Russia's interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West Compare Russia's interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West Compare Mesoamerican and Andean systems of economic exchange Compare Mesoamerican and Andean systems of economic exchange

Topics for Review Changes in Trade Changes in Trade Changes in Technology Changes in Technology Global Interactions Global Interactions Role of Gender Role of Gender Slaves & Coercive Labor systems Slaves & Coercive Labor systems Demographic shifts Demographic shifts Cultural & Intellectual Developments Cultural & Intellectual Developments Major Empires Major Empires Europe, Ottomans, China (Ming & Qing), Spain & Port., Russia (Peter & Catherine), France, England, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India, African kingdoms (Kongo, Songhai) Europe, Ottomans, China (Ming & Qing), Spain & Port., Russia (Peter & Catherine), France, England, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India, African kingdoms (Kongo, Songhai)

Changes in Trade: European Exploration Causes Early: Iberian Late: Northern Colonization Patterns of world trade Regions outside the new trade patterns Commercial Revolution

Changes in Technology Navigational tecnology –Rudder –Lateen sails –Astrolabe –Compass –caravels

Global Interactions Colonization of the Americas (north vs. south) Columbian Exchange Triangular Trade

Role of Gender Remains patriarchal Remains patriarchal Marriage primarily an eco. arrangement Marriage primarily an eco. arrangement Europe: limited access for small #s of women Europe: limited access for small #s of women Generalizations Generalizations China: Influence of Confucianism China: Influence of Confucianism Middle East: culture defines roles Middle East: culture defines roles

Slaves & Coercive Labor systems Slave systems in the Americas African slave trade Effects on Africa Negra_vendendo_caju_- _Jean_Baptiste_Debret_1827.jpg

Demographic shifts Diseases Animals New Crops Comparative Population Trends

Cultural & Intellectual Developments Renaissance/Reformations/Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment

Major Empires: Europe 1. Most monarchies a. divine right ordained by God 2. Retain pure bloodlines to God a. intermarriage among royal families of different nations common b. monarchies of one nation gained international influence i. ties of marriage/inheritance led to alliances 3. Strong national loyalties a. Led to internal/external conflicts i. religious fights between Protestants and Catholics ii. internal civil wars between monarch and nobles iii. battles stemming from trade disputes between rival nations 4. Spain/Portugal start off strong – England/France replace

The Ottoman

Ming & Qing China

Tokugawa Japan

Russia

Mughal India

African Kingdoms

Conclusion After 1400, a new world balance was being created. The Mongol conquest caused the decline of Arab strength and opened opportunities for new participants in the Islamic trade system. At first, the Ming dynasty of China appeared poised to take over the lead in world trade. When the Ming withdrew from international leadership, the nations of western Europe began to assert themselves. The emergence of western Europe was signaled by internal changes that prepared the way for leadership. Changes outside the Eurasian network in Africa, the Americas, and Polynesia also affected the nature of international relationships. After 1400, a new world balance was being created. The Mongol conquest caused the decline of Arab strength and opened opportunities for new participants in the Islamic trade system. At first, the Ming dynasty of China appeared poised to take over the lead in world trade. When the Ming withdrew from international leadership, the nations of western Europe began to assert themselves. The emergence of western Europe was signaled by internal changes that prepared the way for leadership. Changes outside the Eurasian network in Africa, the Americas, and Polynesia also affected the nature of international relationships. After 1750, the West underwent a series of dramatic transformations in politics, intellectual development, and industrialization. The latter revolution altered basic social and cultural patterns, enhanced Europe's position in the world, saw the rise of new powers, and found European culture exported to settler colonies such as the United States and Australia.. After 1750, the West underwent a series of dramatic transformations in politics, intellectual development, and industrialization. The latter revolution altered basic social and cultural patterns, enhanced Europe's position in the world, saw the rise of new powers, and found European culture exported to settler colonies such as the United States and Australia..