MODERN PERIOD – The long 19 th century… Shaped by the West. West is king. West is the best. - you are better off being a colony in most of the world (except in the Americas). - you are better off being a colony in most of the world (except in the Americas). - Major question – how did groups react/resist/reform to the Western aggression and power? - Major question – how did groups react/resist/reform to the Western aggression and power?

MODERN PERIOD – How did China handle the West in comparison to Japan? How did China handle the West in comparison to the Middle East? Ie. Ottomans responded with greater flexibility but neither did that great in responding. Africa/India – both colonies but had different results.

Themes Two themes end, Two themes keep going, Two new themes. 1. Themes that end:  Colombian Exchange ends – Western Hemisphere population surge slows but persists in Europe / world.

Theme 2 that ENDS 2. Land-based gunpowder empires end. Why? A. new pressures from Europe (ie. Mughals, Ottomans B. Global implications of nationalism – people are wanting POLITICAL identity / political individuality – smaller states are created. B. Global implications of nationalism – people are wanting POLITICAL identity / political individuality – smaller states are created.

2 themes that continue 1. Rise of the West –  Increasing industry  Increasing military edge, especially in regard to land-based power – including sending boats upriver (Africa), telegraph, repeating rifles, artillery, and new medicines (more effective in tropical areas. 1. World Economy.

Continued theme 1 -Rise of the West  Rest of the world notices – ie. France beating Egypt (Mamelukes) in 1798 – shows M.E. that they are in trouble.  Opium Wars in China  Crimean War  – Conquest of Japan  Conquest of Africa  West can go anywhere they want militarily (exceptions – Japan and Ethiopia).

Continued Theme 2 – World Economy  Economic advantage of West expands.  Making processed goods – and MORE of them.  Undercutting Latin American and Indian handcrafters (many who are women).  Sell more produced goods

Continued Theme 2 – World Economy  World economy drives Imperialism – military and market needs – Mahan, Turner, Social Darwinism.  World economy works much better during this Modern Period than it did in Early Modern Period.

Continued Theme 2 – World Economy  West still has dominant economies.  Cheap imports.  Gap continues to grow.

When did Mercantilism end?  Formal mercantilism ends with the French Revolution, although elements persist. How did poorer countries strike back?  Cheap labor, raw materials, food, cheap factory goods (Oriental rug factories).

How did poorer countries strike back?  Textiles, plastics  Japan and Korea were successful at fighting back – used cheap labor to close the gap with West. Ie. Japan in 1900 – silk produced by slave women.  Japan pushed against Western pressure.

Continued Theme 2 – World Economy  Additional areas brought into subordination: Africa – what do you do to replace the slave trade to make money later on in the Modern Period? Answer – vegetable oil, other goods including still some slaves.Africa – what do you do to replace the slave trade to make money later on in the Modern Period? Answer – vegetable oil, other goods including still some slaves.

Continued Theme 2 – World Economy  Externality is abolished – you HAVE to be a player in the world economy to survive – applies to China / Asia – no territory is outside of the world economy during this period.  Coercive labor ends mostly – Economics – slavery too costly – free labor you can fire people with no upkeep. Growth in world population also helps end slavery.Economics – slavery too costly – free labor you can fire people with no upkeep. Growth in world population also helps end slavery.

Coercive labor ends mostly Ie. Americas  Abolitionists and humanitarians also help end slavery.

Two new themes 1. Industrial Revolution – starts around 1750 and goes for about 80 years plus. Effects:  Children become an economic liability – start going to school (although many work in factories as well early on).  Reduction of birthrate  Changes family structure

New Themes 2. Non-Western response – second half of 19 th Century – how much do other countries need to change or copy to get the West off their back? Military buildup – have to copy West.Military buildup – have to copy West. Industrialize –Industrialize – Japan does a good job of handling both of the issues above without becoming too Westernized.

Theme 3 – REAL Globalization  Reaches the lives of everyday people. Components: Technology – telegraphTechnology – telegraph Transportation – steam, shipping, RailroadsTransportation – steam, shipping, Railroads Canals – Suez, PanamaCanals – Suez, Panama Corporations – Singer sewing, international harvesterCorporations – Singer sewing, international harvester Cultural – spectator sports.Cultural – spectator sports.