PERIODS OF MUSIC Understanding Music - Unit 6

Outcomes All of the different styles of music we listen to today have evolved over a long period of time. Musical styles have not always been so diverse, in fact before c.1450 music was pretty simplistic. In order to understand modern music we must first understand its origins, history and development through the ages. In this unit you will learn about the development of music through the following periods of time:  Baroque ( )  Classical ( )  Romantic ( )  20 th Century (1900 – Present Day) Through discussion and completing listening tasks, you will develop your understanding of musical concepts from these periods of history.

Music History Throughout history there have been many eras, such as the Renaissance, Classical and Gothic ages. These eras describe the style and characteristics of that period in time, particularly in the areas of science, art, architecture, literature and music. The history of music is divided into six main periods of history: Medieval Renaissance Baroque Classical Romantic 20th Century We will be focusing on music from the Baroque period onwards.

Baroque Period The term Baroque is a word borrowed from architecture which is used to describe a highly decorative style of building, found in the palaces and churches of Germany and Austria in the 1600s and 1700s. The Baroque period was a time of contrapuntal music (tunes or melodies played above or below each other in harmony). People also became interested in music and drama which led to the creation of opera (a play that is sung). Five composers from this period are Vivaldi, Purcell, Bach, Handel and Pachelbel. Different textures are present such as: Homophonic – Music built on chords where all parts move at the same time. Polyphonic – Two or more parts playing independent melodies and rhythms.

In a Baroque Opera you will hear examples of: Aria – An aria is a solo song in an opera Listen to this example of an aria and identify the type of voice heard Nessun Dorma - Aria Chorus – The choir singing Listen to this example of a chorus and listen to how the texture changes from homophonic to polyphonic Hallelujah Chorus - Handel Ground Bass – A repeated pattern of notes in the bass while parts above are changing. Pachelbel's Canon in D - Ground Bass Listen to the following Lascia ch’io pianga from ‘Rinaldo’ by Handel and identify the type of voice heard

Many different techniques were used in the Baroque Period in various types of pieces. Techniques used are: »Pedal Point – A persistent note heard in the bass whatever the harmony above may be. »Inverted Pedal – A persistent note which is higher than that of the melody. »Melismatic – Where one syllable is sung over many notes. »Syllabic – each syllable has a different note. Another important device made popular during this time was the canon. This is an example of polyphonic music where instrumental parts play the same music but start at different times. (Frere Jacques – this type of music can also be called a round). Listen to this example of a canon Canon

Concepts CONCEPTDEFINITION BaroqueA style of music from , harpsichord is one of the main instruments heard ContrapuntalParts played above or below each other in harmony Homophonic Polyphonic OperaA play that is sung, uses costumes and sets AriaSolo song ChorusLarge body of singers who perform together Ground BassRepeated phrase or motif heard in the bass line PedalPersistent note heard in the bass Inverted PedalPersistent note heard above the melody CanonStrict imitation (Frere Jacques) ImitationWhere one part is immediately copied on another instrument

The Classical Period Composers of the classical period established the symphony, sonata and concerto (for solo instrument) as the major forms of musical expression. In the Classical period the music became less about decoration and ornamentation, and more about simple, clean lines of melody. 3 composers of this period are Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven. Features of the Classical Period:  Larger orchestra with the woodwind section gaining importance  Texture of the music is now mainly homophonic (Baroque texture was mainly contrapuntal)  Melodies became more graceful and elegant  Richer variety of contrasting melodies, rhythms, keys & dynamics  The piano is invented

The Symphony & Concerto The Symphony The word symphony means ‘sounding together’. It is a large work for the whole orchestra in four movements. A movement is a part or section of the whole work. Movement 1Fast Movement 2Slow Movement 3Minuet and Trio form Movement 4Finale, fast. Usually contains a coda (a tailpiece to round off the movement) The ConcertoA large work for the orchestra and solo instrument. There are three movements in a concerto. Movement 1Fast Movement 2Slow Movement 3Fast

Complete the listening task based on symphonies and concertos. CadenzaThe first movement in a concerto includes a cadenza. It is a short, difficult passage at the end of the movement where the performer is expected to show his/her skill on the instrument. Listen and watch this example of a Mozart Cadenza Alberti BassUsed in piano music, the alberti bass is a broken chord accompaniment repeated in the left hand, keeping the music moving but also supporting the melody. An alberti bass looks like this: Listen and watch the example of Mozart’s Sonata in C Major which features the alberti bass Alberti Bass

Concepts CONCEPTDEFINITION ClassicalPeriod of music from – Composers included Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven SymphonyLarge work in 4 movements for the whole orchestra ConcertoLarge work in 3 movements for the orchestra and soloist CadenzaShort passage in a concerto where the soloist show off Alberti BassBroken chord accompaniment used in piano music

The Romantic Period In the Romantic Period composers began to express emotion through music. The music was more powerful and the orchestras were much bigger than before. Three composers of the Romantic Period are Schumann, Chopin and Wagner. Chopin, a Polish composer, wrote for the piano in a new revolutionary way. He combined strange, discordant harmonies (notes which clash) with delicate, decorated melodies. In his compositions he uses rubato (variations in speed) to enhance expression. Listen and watch the following example and notice the use of rubato throughout the music. Chopin Nocturne 20 - Rubato

The Main Features of Romantic Music Composers used chromatic notes and discords in their music Rubato was frequently used as a way of conveying the mood and emotion in the music The music used an extensive variety of dynamic variation The music was very expressive and was often based on a theme or poem Concepts CONCEPTDEFINITION RomanticPeriod of music from Composers included Chopin, Schubert and Wagner RubatoChanges in tempo to create expression ChromaticNotes which move by the interval of a semitone DiscordA chord in which certain notes clash

The 20 th Century 1900 – Present Day Composers in the 20th century experimented with different sounds, instruments and techniques. New freedoms in harmony and rhythm enabled composers to put music together in unusual combinations. Impressionism was a style of music popular in 1900 in France. The term borrowed from painters such as Monet, Manet and Renoir who suggested rather than stated what could be seen at a glance. Debussy (1862 – 1918) applied these principles to music. He used clusters of notes (lots of notes which are close together) and the whole tone scale (a scale where every interval is a whole tone apart) in his compositions. These techniques painted pictures in sound. Listen and watch this short film on Debussy’s life. The music playing is Clair De Lune, one of Debussy’s most famous piano pieces Debussy Clair de Lune

Atonal music is music which has no specific key. Expressionist music in atonal style is characterised by extremely dissonant harmonies; frenzied, disjointed melodies including wild leaps; and violent explosive contrasts with instruments playing harshly at the extremes of their ranges. Listen to the following Pierrot Luniere by Schoenberg and, in your own words, describe what you hear. Minimalist music is based on simple rhythmic and melodic figures which are constantly repeated, like ostinati, with very slight changes each time. Listen to Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards by Steve Reich.

Concepts CONCEPTDEFINITION 20 th Century1900 – present day ImpressionismCreates an impression of a picture with sound Whole-Tone ScaleScale made up entirely of whole tones ClustersLots of notes which are played close together AtonalHas no specific key MinimalismConstantly repeated patterns which change very slightly each time.

Form in Music Music is written in a pattern called FORM. Binary FormA piece of music in Binary form divides itself into two sections A and B. Ternary FormA piece of music in Ternary form divides itself into three sections A B A or A A B A. (She’s the One, Robbie Williams) Rondo FormA is the main theme (tune) which keeps coming round with contrasting sections. The plan is A B A C A etc. Think of these three forms as types of sandwich with different fillings! EpisodeA passage of music linking two musical themes, such as in Rondo Form CodaA passage at the end of a piece of music which rounds it off

Theme and VariationsA theme (tune) is heard then repeated slightly differently. Composers may vary a theme by: »Changing the rhythm »Changing the harmony »Changing the time signature »Changing the tempo »Changing the key from major to minor »Decorating the melody with ornaments Listen to the examples of Theme & Variation from Haydn’s Symphony No 94 (Surprise) and notice how the theme is varied each time it is heard

Concepts CONCEPTDEFINITION Musical formStructure of music BinaryAB TernaryABA RondoABACADA etc. EpisodeA passage of music linking two musical themes, such as in Rondo Form CodaA passage at the end of a piece of music which rounds it off Theme & Variations Theme is stated then altered in different ways