Industrial Revolution

Why England? Political Stability Religious Toleration Agricultural Revolution -Convertible Husbandry -Enclosure Movement Expanding Population Capital for Investment, Central Bank

Geographic Advantages Relatively Small Close to the Sea Balance of resources - Iron and coal -fertile plains -Streams

Industrialization England Textile industry was first to industrialize First factories along streams Steam engine allowed inland factories Railroad allowed transportation of passengers and goods

Industrialization Great Exhibition of 1851 Display of 13,000 exhibitors showing British Industrial goods Crystal Palace- first prefabricated building

Industrialization The Continent Belgium first to industrialize (coal and iron) German states hampered by internal taxes and tariffs Zollverein- customs union that abolished tariffs. Prussia rapidly industrialized

Industrialization Impact Urbanization Horrible work conditions Sadler Committee Exposed factory conditions for children Factory Act 1833 Limited hours children could work

National Unification

Crimean War Ended the idea of the Concert of Europe Nations would no longer intervene to end nationalist wars

Italy Led by Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Only Italian state with liberal constitution Cavour, Chief Minister to king Victor Emmanuel Allied with France to kick Austria out of Italy Conflict ended before Austria was driven out France feared unified Italian state

Italy Garibaldi angered over terms of peace treaty with France Cavour encouraged him to invade Sicily 1,000 Red Shirts conquered southern Italy Marched on Rome

Italy Covour did not want Garibaldi to unify Italy Rushed troops to block his march Popular revolt in papal states Used his troops to restore order Victor Emmanuel declared King of unified Italy 1861 (except Venetia and Rome) Italy seized Venetia from Austria in 1866 (Austro Prussian War) Rome added in 1870 (Franco-Prussian War)

Germany Austria and Prussia dominant states Austria excluded from Zollverein, Prussia dominant economically Prussian King William I selected Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister “Blood and Iron” – power and authority, not liberalism Bismarck modernized Prussia's army

Germany Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) 1866 Prussia annexed German States that supported Austria, left Austria intact North German Confederation

Germany Franco-Prussian War 1870 Prussian army overwhelmed the French William I declared emperor of Germany -Alsace and Lorraine to Germany -French to pay indemnity for war -Germany became leading economic power on the continent -Scramble for Africa - race for empire oversees

Germany Kulturkampf Conflict with the Catholic Church Control of church appointments, education Bismarck banned Socialist from assembling, publishing material

France Napoleon III ruled as an absolute monarch Economic expansion at beginning of reign Georges Haussmann Cleared slums of Paris Built wide avenues Aqueducts to bring fresh water Cleaner and more sanitary

France Napoleon III’s popularity faded as a result of Crimean War Enacted “liberal empire”, becoming a constitutional monarch 1859 Was captured during Franco Prussian War Paris Commune result of anarchy of Franco-Prussian War Restored order in Paris Massacred 25,000 Parisians

France Third Republic Universal male suffrage Representative parliament Elected president

Great Britain Expansion of Democracy Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli Second Reform Bill 1867 All male heads of household could vote Prime Minister William Gladstone Vote extended to heads of household in the Countryside During reign of Queen Victoria (r ) deterioration of the power of the monarchy