Sudan Map Link: Geographic Zones of Africa: < dezeen_Africa-is-an-extraordinary- opportunity-at-the-moment-David- Adjaye_04.jpgAdjaye_04.jpg>

610 First revelation to Muhammad c. 615 Some Muslims flee to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Late 7th/early 8th c. Muslims take N. Africa 8th c. First Muslim records of W. Africa Map Link: Africa in 1453: < 4/africa_ad1453.jpg4/africa_ad1453.jpg>

Role of trade “Silent trade”? Muslims buying gold, slaves, ivory, indigo leather, beeswax. Selling horses, dates, wheat, dried grapes, nuts, textiles, copper and silver goods

Role of trade African rulers controlling trade Rulers in W. Sudan finding it useful to convert to Islam Mansa Musa of Mali (r. c )

Great Mosque of Jenné (bt. 13th c., rebuilt 1907) Sankoré Mosque, Timbuktu (bt. 15th c., rebuilt 16th c., 18th c., 19th c.)

In E. Sudan Trade also playing prominent role Role of immigration of Arabs and others Harar, Ethiopia, as intellectual centre

Conversion of rulers in Western Sudan, more widely in Eastern Sudan Impact of local religions on African Islam Ibn Battuta (1304-btw and 1377)

Late 16th c./early 17th c. Fragmentation of Sudanese states Weakening of Islam in cities Strengthening of Islam in rural areas Map Link: Africa in 1648: < africa_ad1648.jpgafrica_ad1648.jpg>

1725 Fula/Fulani/Fulbe rebellion/jihad 1750 Fula take control of Futa Jalon Map Link: Africa in 1789: < 4/africa_ad1789.jpg4/africa_ad1789.jpg>

Slave trade Prisoners of war, criminals Muslim states as new market Portuguese in 15th c., other European powers in 16th c.

Slave trade 17th c. Establishment of plantations in Americas By 1750: c. 70,000 slaves taken every year to Americas

Slave trade Depopulation in parts of Africa Muslim slaves African slaves as workforce to replace native Americans, essential to European economies

Muhammad ibn Battuta (b. Tangier 1304, d. Morocco btw and 1377) Shams al-Din Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Tanji Trained as qadi, then in 1325 set out to perform hajj and find teachers. By time returned to Morocco in 1349 had covered over 60,000 miles and done hajj three times

Muhammad ibn Battuta (b. Tangier 1304, d. Morocco btw and 1377) Travelled through most of Muslim world. Met Ottoman sultan Orhan (r ), Il-Khan Abu Sa‘id (r ) and Uzbeg, Khan of Golden Horde (r ) Served sultan of Delhi for 7 years as qadi, and spent several months in Maldives in same role. Visit to China may have been added to his travelogue (rihla) by his editor Later visited Mali and Granada