Four hundred years in 40 Minutes! A stroll though classical music with the help of Mosman Library’s collection! Ron Ogden

Five eras of what we call “Classical Music!” Baroque to 1750 Classical to 1820 Romantic to about 1890 Impressionism and Modernism And a final note on Australian Classical Music !

How are we going to make sense of all this music? Two main characteristics of each era! What were the main trends? Two pieces from each era! Excerpts of two contrasting pieces Suggestions of music of other composers from each era

Who influenced music in the age of the Baroque?? The Church At the beginning of the 17thC, Gregorian Chant- a single melodic line sung by men. But the Reformation gave great impetus to musical development. In Italy- the Church wan besieged but also rich- it looked for new ways to promote faith! In Germany- The Lutheran Church used music to spread the Gospel to illiterate congregations! The Baroque:1600 to 1750 oOur Two Excerpts! oAntonio Vivaldi ( ) Concerto in G Minor for 2 Cellos from “Vivaldi; Six Concertos, Acadamy of Ancient Music, Hogwood (C)” oJ S Bach (1695 –1750) Viola Da Gamba Sonata #1 In G, BWV 1027 from “JS Bach Sonatas For Viola Da Gamba & Harpsichord” Jordi Savall, Ton Koopman

Gregorian Chant

Vivaldi and Bach Antonio Vivaldi J S Bach

The Baroque:1600 to 1750 Notice Anything? oOrnamentation…a feature of the Baroque! oNot a big range of expression. oInstrumentation – Some of these instruments are rarely heard outside of “period Performance” oOrchestration- the beginning of ensemble performance Some Other Composers France: Jean Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau Italy: Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi, Domenico Scarletti England: Georg Frederic Handel, Henri Purcell Germany: George Philipp Telemann, Johann Pachelbel

The Classical Era 1750 to 1820 Who influenced music in the Classical Era? The Nobility Loved “Classicism” in the arts and architecture! Became the primary patrons of Music Emphasis on simplicity, order and clarity! Our Two Excerpts! o W A Mozart ( ) Mozart: Piano Concertos no 24 (Finale) David Greilsammer (piano) Suedama Ensemble o L V Beethoven ( ) Sonata No. 14, Op. 27, No. 2: iii mvt Presto agitato, from Portrait of Vladimir Horowitz

Mozart and Beethoven W A MozartL V Beethoven

The Classical Era 1750 to 1820 Notice Anything? oStrong and simple melodies over harmony oIncreasing range of expression. oInstrumentation – The technological progress of the industrial revolution- instruments with more expression!! oOrchestration- the Classical Orchestra- Strings, brass, woodwinds and percussion, numbering between 30 to 40 Some Other Composers The father of the Symphony- Franz Joseph Haydn Often referred to as Haydns “wife”- Luigi Boccherini JS Bachs 2 rd son- Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

The Romantic Era 1820 to 1900 Who influenced Romantic music? The Industrial Revolution and the rise of the Middle Class The paying customers!! The composers! An increasing emphasis on the autobiographical. There was a fascination with Nature. The spiritual, the ancient, the nocturnal were all themes! Our Two Excerpts! o Felix Mendelssohn ( ) Symphony 4 “ The Italian”: First Movement Allegro Vivace from “Symphonies” London Philharmonic Orchestra, Solti (c) o Frederic Chopin ( ) Nocturne #1 In B Flat Minor from Chopin Complete Nocturnes Daniel Barenboim Piano

Mendelssohn and Chopin Felix Mendelssohn Frederic Chopin

The Romantic Era 1820 to 1900 Notice Anything?  Its music that is “about” things!  Music with expression, and increasingly with ambiguity  Increasing “chamber” music.  Orchestration: By the end of this era,the romantic orchestra numbers up to 100 performers- it is very similar to the symphony orchestras we are used to Some Other Composers For the Piano- Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann For the Orchestra- Johannes Brahms, Pytor Tchaikovsky For Chamber music-Antonin Dvorak

Impressionism and Modernism Impressionism was mainly French, music that stressed suggestion and atmosphere. The “denunciation of the tonic”! Modernism was about innovation- where nothing in the musical language dominated, and metrical rhythm was left behind! Our 2 Excerpts! o Claude Debussy ( ) “Jeux” from “Debussy: Orchestral Works” by Simon Rattle: City Of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra o Igor Stravinsky ( ) Dance of the Earth (Danse de la terre) from “The Rite Of Spring” Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Paavo Järvi

Debussy and Stravinsky Claude Debussy Igor Stravinsky

Impressionism and Modernism Notice Anything?  Its music with colour and light- similar to Impressionist art!  Increasingly complex, music with expression AND suggestion  Orchestration: Increasing demands being put on the orchestra, particularly in percussion and meter Some Other 20 th Century Composers Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Arnold Schoenberg, Maurice Ravel, Bela Bartok, Dmitri Shostakovich, Olivier Messiaen, Philip Glass

Australian Classical Music Our last excerpts: Peter Sculthorpe “Earth Cry” SSO, Challender Brett Dean “Viola Concerto” SSO o From 1900, a growing sense of national identity influenced much Australian Classical music o1960s other strong influences emerged Aboriginal and south-east Asian music,European atonality and the avante- garde

Peter Sculthorpe and Brett Dean